{ "tag": "method-v1.2.0", "method_version": "1.2.0", "scoring_version": "0.1.0", "generated_at": "2026-10-15T20:00:10Z", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "rules": { "rounding": "half_even", "tie_break": "product_id_ascii", "null_policy": "ranked_with_gap", "overall_confidence": "lowest_weighted" }, "categories": { "exchanges": { "default_weights": { "security": 25, "control": 20, "cost": 15, "regulatory": 15, "privacy": 10, "usability": 5, "liquidity-execution": 5, "fiat-access": 5 }, "frontier": { "security": null, "control": null, "cost": null, "regulatory": null, "privacy": null, "usability": null, "liquidity-execution": null, "fiat-access": null }, "products": {} }, "hardware-wallets": { "default_weights": { "security": 25, "control": 20, "cost": 10, "regulatory": 10, "privacy": 15, "usability": 10, "recovery": 5, "compatibility": 5 }, "frontier": { "security": null, "control": null, "cost": null, "regulatory": null, "privacy": null, "usability": null, "recovery": null, "compatibility": null }, "products": {} }, "mobile-wallets": { "default_weights": { "security": 25, "control": 20, "cost": 10, "regulatory": 10, "privacy": 15, "usability": 10, "recovery": 5, "compatibility": 5 }, "frontier": { "security": null, "control": null, "cost": null, "regulatory": null, "privacy": null, "usability": null, "recovery": null, "compatibility": null }, "products": {} }, "on-ramps": { "default_weights": { "security": 20, "control": 15, "cost": 20, "regulatory": 15, "privacy": 10, "usability": 5, "liquidity-execution": 5, "fiat-access": 10 }, "frontier": { "security": null, "control": null, "cost": null, "regulatory": null, "privacy": null, "usability": null, "liquidity-execution": null, "fiat-access": null }, "products": {} } }, "changes": [], "library": { "method": { "version": "1.2.0", "rules": { "rounding": "half_even", "tie_break": "product_id_ascii", "null_policy": "ranked_with_gap", "overall_confidence": "lowest_weighted" }, "catalogues": { "hardware-wallets": { "criteria": [ { "id": "security", "name": "Security", "description": "How well the device protects private keys against extraction, tampering and faulty firmware. Evidence: the key storage hardware (secure element or general-purpose chip), whether firmware and companion software are open source and reproducibly built, published independent audits, the documented incident and vulnerability history with the maker's response, and multisig support.", "sub_criteria": { "scale": 100, "aggregation": "weighted_mean", "min_rated_weight": 60, "items": [ { "id": "secure-element", "name": "Secure element", "description": "Key storage in dedicated tamper-resistant hardware, and the published resistance to physical and side-channel attacks.", "weight": 25, "anchors": [ { "score": 0, "description": "Keys are held in a general-purpose chip without published countermeasures, or a published attack on current devices extracts keys or allows signing without the PIN and is not mitigated." }, { "score": 25, "description": "Keys are held in a general-purpose chip; the maker publishes countermeasures (encrypted storage, glitch and side-channel protections)." }, { "score": 50, "description": "A secure element gates access to the keys (it holds them, or the secret that unlocks them), but no certificate for it at CC EAL5+ or an equivalent level can be matched by id in the Common Criteria portal or the scheme's list, or the certificate names a different chip model or a revision the maker or research says differs." }, { "score": 75, "description": "A secure element gates access to the keys, with a certificate at CC EAL5+ or an equivalent level matched by id; the certificate covers the chip only. Where the maker does not name the revision, a certificate for the named chip model counts." }, { "score": 100, "description": "As for 75, and the device itself has a device-level certificate or published independent attack research on the device or its chip, and no published attack on current devices extracts keys or allows signing without the PIN without a mitigation." } ] }, { "id": "open-source", "name": "Open source", "description": "Firmware and companion software whose source code is public and whose builds can be reproduced from it.", "weight": 25, "anchors": [ { "score": 0, "description": "No source code of the firmware or the companion software is public." }, { "score": 25, "description": "Only parts are public (libraries, the companion software, or an older firmware version); the current firmware is closed. A device whose operating system runs on the secure element and is closed is here, whatever else is public." }, { "score": 50, "description": "The current firmware source is public (under an open-source or a source-available licence), but the released binary cannot be reproduced from it, or the maker's companion software is closed." }, { "score": 75, "description": "Firmware and the maker's companion software (if the maker offers any) are public; a reproducible build is documented but not confirmed for the current firmware version, or is confirmed only in part." }, { "score": 100, "description": "Firmware and the maker's companion software (if any) are public, and the current released firmware was reproduced from source by WhatTheChain or an independent party with a published method. A secure-element applet that the chip vendor's agreement keeps closed does not lower this anchor; the rationale names it." } ] }, { "id": "audits", "name": "Audits", "description": "Independent security audits, their scope, date and published findings.", "weight": 15, "anchors": [ { "score": 0, "description": "No security audit of the device or its firmware was found. Chip certificates and attack research count under secure-element, not here." }, { "score": 25, "description": "The maker states that an audit took place, but no report or summary with findings is public, whether or not the auditor is named." }, { "score": 50, "description": "An independent audit is public only as a summary without findings, or covers a single component (for example a library or the companion app)." }, { "score": 75, "description": "The auditor published a report with findings and their fix status, older than 24 months at the assessment date or for an earlier device generation." }, { "score": 100, "description": "The auditor published a report with findings and their fix status for the current device generation within 24 months before the assessment date." } ] }, { "id": "track-record", "name": "Track record", "description": "Known incidents and vulnerabilities, their severity, and how quickly and openly the maker fixed and disclosed them.", "weight": 25, "anchors": [ { "score": 0, "description": "A critical vulnerability on current firmware or hardware is unfixed and has no published mitigation." }, { "score": 25, "description": "Within the last 36 months a device or firmware flaw caused documented loss of user funds, or a known vulnerability on current devices is unfixed but has a published mitigation, or the maker disputed or withheld a disclosure." }, { "score": 50, "description": "Within the last 36 months a critical or high vulnerability took more than 90 days from disclosure to fix, or a customer-data incident at the maker or a processor acting for it exposed buyers' personal data." }, { "score": 75, "description": "Within the last 36 months every critical or high vulnerability was fixed within 90 days with a public advisory, and no customer-data incident occurred at the maker or a processor acting for it. Needs a positive source: the maker's security advisories, a bug-bounty programme or published independent research on the device; without one the sub-criterion is not rated." }, { "score": 100, "description": "As for 75, and a public bug-bounty programme covers the device and its firmware. Severity is the CVSS v3 rating (7.0 or more is high) or the maker's rating; without either, a flaw that allows theft or signing without the PIN counts as critical." } ] }, { "id": "multisig-support", "name": "Multisig support", "description": "Whether the device can take part in multisig setups with other devices.", "weight": 10, "anchors": [ { "score": 0, "description": "The device cannot sign in a multisig setup." }, { "score": 25, "description": "Multisig works only through the maker's own app or service." }, { "score": 50, "description": "Multisig works with one independent coordinator." }, { "score": 75, "description": "Multisig works with at least two independent coordinators (PSBT), as documented for this model." }, { "score": 100, "description": "As for 75, and the device registers the multisig wallet (output descriptors or wallet policies) and verifies multisig receive and change addresses on its screen." } ] } ] } }, { "id": "control", "name": "Control and sovereignty", "description": "The degree to which the user, rather than the maker or a service, holds ultimate power over the assets. Evidence: whether the user alone generates and holds the keys, whether keys and backups can be exported in open standards to other wallets, and which functions depend on the maker's servers, accounts or continued existence.", "sub_criteria": { "scale": 100, "aggregation": "weighted_mean", "min_rated_weight": 60, "items": [ { "id": "key-control", "name": "Key control", "description": "Keys generated on and held by the device under the user's sole control.", "weight": 40, "anchors": [ { "score": 0, "description": "The maker or a third party can sign or recover funds without the user." }, { "score": 25, "description": "Key generation or the default backup involves a service of the maker or a third party, or the maker or a partner holds a key share by default." }, { "score": 50, "description": "Keys are generated and held on the device, but an optional service of the maker or a third party can receive key material or shares (encrypted or not), or the default backup is shown on or entered through a connected phone or computer." }, { "score": 75, "description": "Keys are generated on the device and held on it; no service of the maker or a third party can receive key material. A transfer that the user starts to another device of their own, end-to-end encrypted, is allowed. A set of cards cloned at setup counts as one device." }, { "score": 100, "description": "As for 75, and the user can add or verify entropy (for example dice rolls)." } ] }, { "id": "exportability", "name": "Exportability", "description": "Backups in open standards (for example BIP-39 or SLIP-39) that restore in wallets from other makers.", "weight": 35, "anchors": [ { "score": 0, "description": "No way to export keys or a backup; recovery runs only through the maker." }, { "score": 25, "description": "The backup format is the maker's own; published tools convert it to a standard format." }, { "score": 50, "description": "The backup is a standard (BIP-39 or SLIP-39), but non-standard derivation paths or settings keep some assets from restoring in other makers' wallets." }, { "score": 75, "description": "The backup is a standard with standard derivation paths; restore in one other maker's wallet is documented (a walletsrecovery.org entry that marks external recovery as documented counts as one)." }, { "score": 100, "description": "The backup is a standard with standard derivation paths, and restore is documented in wallets of at least two other makers, each named." } ] }, { "id": "provider-dependence", "name": "Provider dependence", "description": "Functions that stop working without the maker's servers, account or company, and whether the device can be used with independent software.", "weight": 25, "anchors": [ { "score": 0, "description": "The device needs an account with the maker, or stops working for receiving and signing if the maker's servers or company cease." }, { "score": 25, "description": "Receiving and signing need the maker's app and servers; no account is needed." }, { "score": 50, "description": "Independent software supports receiving and signing for some of the network families the device supports (Bitcoin, Ethereum-compatible, others); the others need the maker's app and servers." }, { "score": 75, "description": "Independent software (the HWI list, coordinators or wallets) supports receiving and signing for every network family the device supports; the maker's servers are needed only for firmware updates, installing apps on the device, or optional features." }, { "score": 100, "description": "As for 75, and firmware updates (and apps on the device, if any) can be verified and installed without the maker's servers or app." } ] } ] } }, { "id": "cost", "name": "Cost", "description": "What the device and its use cost the user. Evidence: the device price from the maker's official shop at the time of assessment, any subscription for features, and fees or spreads on swaps and purchases offered inside the companion app, as published by the maker or measured by WhatTheChain.", "sub_criteria": { "scale": 100, "aggregation": "weighted_mean", "min_rated_weight": 60, "items": [ { "id": "device-price", "name": "Device or subscription price", "description": "The device price and any recurring subscription needed for its features.", "weight": 60, "anchors": [ { "score": 0, "description": "A subscription is required for the device's core functions (receiving, signing, backup), or the price is above EUR 400." }, { "score": 25, "description": "Price above EUR 250 and at most EUR 400." }, { "score": 50, "description": "Price above EUR 150 and at most EUR 250." }, { "score": 75, "description": "Price above EUR 80 and at most EUR 150." }, { "score": 100, "description": "Price at most EUR 80. The price is that of the cheapest configuration the maker sells with a usable backup, in the maker's official shop for Germany on the retrieval date; a EUR price shown to German visitors counts as including VAT unless the shop says otherwise. A price in another currency or without VAT is converted at the ECB reference rate of the retrieval date, plus 19 % VAT. Optional paid features do not count." } ] }, { "id": "in-app-fees", "name": "In-app swap fees", "description": "Fees and spreads on swaps and purchases inside the companion app.", "weight": 40, "anchors": [ { "score": 0, "description": "Fees or spreads are not shown before the user confirms a swap or purchase." }, { "score": 25, "description": "The maker's own fee or spread is above 2 %, or its share of the total is not published." }, { "score": 50, "description": "The maker's published fee or spread is above 1 % and at most 2 %, or is shown only in each quote and not in a published schedule." }, { "score": 75, "description": "The maker's published fee or spread is at most 1 % and is shown before confirmation." }, { "score": 100, "description": "The maker offers no swap or purchase in its software, or adds no fee of its own and the partners' fees are shown before confirmation." } ] } ] } }, { "id": "regulatory", "name": "Regulatory status", "description": "The legal setting of the maker and of the services built into the product. Evidence: the maker's jurisdiction and legal entity, and for built-in services (swaps, purchases, staking) whether the provider holds the licence or registration it needs, for example an entry in the ESMA MiCA register for the EU.", "sub_criteria": { "scale": 100, "aggregation": "weighted_mean", "min_rated_weight": 60, "items": [ { "id": "manufacturer-jurisdiction", "name": "Manufacturer jurisdiction", "description": "Where the maker is established and which law governs its products.", "weight": 40, "anchors": [ { "score": 0, "description": "No legal entity behind the product can be identified." }, { "score": 25, "description": "A legal entity is named but was searched for and not found in an official register (a company register or a securities regulator's filings), or the terms do not name the governing law. If the register was not checked, the sub-criterion is not rated." }, { "score": 50, "description": "The entity is verified in an official register outside the EU, the EEA and Switzerland, and sells to readers there without a seller or representative established in those countries." }, { "score": 75, "description": "The entity is verified in an official register outside the EU, the EEA and Switzerland, and sells to readers there through its own entity, an appointed distributor or a representative established in them (an independent reseller does not count)." }, { "score": 100, "description": "The entity is verified in an official register in the EU, the EEA or Switzerland, and the terms name it and the governing law." } ] }, { "id": "built-in-services-compliance", "name": "Compliance of built-in services", "description": "Licence or registration of the providers behind built-in swaps, purchases and staking, from official registers.", "weight": 60, "anchors": [ { "score": 0, "description": "A provider of a built-in service is named in a public supervisory warning, or offers the service against a supervisory order." }, { "score": 25, "description": "The providers of built-in services are not named in the app or the terms." }, { "score": 50, "description": "The providers are named, but the licence or registration of at least one was searched for and not found in an official register." }, { "score": 75, "description": "Every provider is named and licensed or registered in an official register, but at least one only outside the EU, for services offered to EU readers." }, { "score": 100, "description": "The maker's software offers no built-in service that needs a licence, or every provider is named and licensed or registered for EU readers (the ESMA MiCA register or a national register)." } ] } ] } }, { "id": "privacy", "name": "Privacy and data", "description": "How much the device and its companion software reveal about the user. Evidence: telemetry and whether it is off by default or can be disabled, how addresses are handled (reuse, which servers learn them), whether the user can connect to their own node, and which network connections the software makes, from documentation, privacy policies and WhatTheChain's own traffic tests.", "sub_criteria": { "scale": 100, "aggregation": "weighted_mean", "min_rated_weight": 60, "items": [ { "id": "telemetry", "name": "Telemetry", "description": "Data sent to the maker or third parties, its default, and opt-out.", "weight": 40, "anchors": [ { "score": 0, "description": "The maker's software shares addresses, balances or personal data with third parties for analytics or advertising, or observed traffic contradicts the privacy policy." }, { "score": 25, "description": "Telemetry is on by default and cannot be switched off, or the maker's app contains advertising or analytics libraries (as classified by Exodus Privacy; a crash reporter that sends only after consent is not one)." }, { "score": 50, "description": "Telemetry is on by default, includes device or usage identifiers, and can be switched off. A consent switch that is preset to on counts as on by default." }, { "score": 75, "description": "Telemetry is on by default, limited to anonymised crash or usage data, and can be switched off." }, { "score": 100, "description": "No telemetry, or telemetry is off until the user opts in, confirmed by a tracker report, the source code or a traffic test; or the device has no network interface and the maker publishes no software that connects to a network." } ] }, { "id": "address-handling", "name": "Address handling", "description": "Fresh addresses per receipt, and which servers learn the user's addresses and balances.", "weight": 30, "anchors": [ { "score": 0, "description": "The maker links addresses or extended public keys to an account or an identity (e-mail, identity check)." }, { "score": 25, "description": "The software reuses one address per account by default, and a server of the maker or a third party learns all addresses." }, { "score": 50, "description": "A fresh address per receipt, but the maker's or a third party's servers learn all addresses and the user cannot change that." }, { "score": 75, "description": "A fresh address per receipt; the maker's servers learn the addresses by default, but the user can connect their own node or server instead." }, { "score": 100, "description": "A fresh address per receipt, and the software works with the user's own node or server, or with a method that reveals no addresses (for example compact block filters), for every network family it supports, so no server of the maker learns them. The software rated is the maker's companion software; for a device without one, the coordinator the maker's setup guide names first." } ] }, { "id": "network-connections", "name": "Network connections", "description": "Connections the software makes, and support for the user's own node or Tor.", "weight": 30, "anchors": [ { "score": 0, "description": "The maker's software connects to tracking or advertising endpoints that cannot be disabled." }, { "score": 25, "description": "Connections to third parties that the documentation and the privacy policy do not name were found in the code or in a traffic test." }, { "score": 50, "description": "The endpoints are named in the documentation or the privacy policy; the software offers no Tor or proxy setting." }, { "score": 75, "description": "The endpoints are named in the documentation or the privacy policy, and the software can connect through Tor or a proxy." }, { "score": 100, "description": "As for 75, and a WhatTheChain traffic test found no connection they do not name; or the device has no network interface and the maker publishes no software that connects to a network." } ] } ] } }, { "id": "usability", "name": "Usability and support", "description": "How reliably a newcomer can set up and use the device without costly mistakes. Evidence: WhatTheChain's own setup test, how the device prevents and explains errors (address verification on the device screen, clear signing), how the recovery flow is guided, and the quality and language coverage of documentation and support.", "sub_criteria": { "scale": 100, "aggregation": "weighted_mean", "min_rated_weight": 50, "items": [ { "id": "setup", "name": "Setup", "description": "Steps and time to a verified backup and a first receipt.", "weight": 30, "anchors": [ { "score": 0, "description": "The WhatTheChain setup test could not reach a verified backup and a first receipt." }, { "score": 25, "description": "The test reached them only with help beyond the maker's documentation (forums, support)." }, { "score": 50, "description": "The test reached them with the maker's documentation, or took more than 30 minutes." }, { "score": 75, "description": "The test reached them without documentation within 30 minutes, with one step that needed a second attempt." }, { "score": 100, "description": "The test reached a verified backup and a first receipt, verified on the device, without documentation and within 20 minutes. Rated only from a WhatTheChain test on the device or the maker's emulator that records the time, the use of documentation and the first receipt." } ] }, { "id": "error-tolerance", "name": "Error tolerance", "description": "How the device and app prevent and explain mistakes, including verification of addresses and amounts on the device screen.", "weight": 35, "anchors": [ { "score": 0, "description": "The user cannot see the full address and amount before signing on any screen the product controls." }, { "score": 25, "description": "The device has no screen; the maker's app shows the full address and amount on a confirmation screen before signing." }, { "score": 50, "description": "The device screen shows address and amount, but blind signing is on by default for contract transactions, or the screen shows addresses only in part." }, { "score": 75, "description": "The device screen shows the full address and amount; contract transactions on some networks need blind signing, which is off until the user enables it." }, { "score": 100, "description": "The device screen shows the full address and amount, contract and token transactions on the supported networks are clear-signed (met by a device whose networks have none), and the device warns both before unusual fees and before change to an address outside the wallet." } ] }, { "id": "recovery-flow", "name": "Recovery flow", "description": "How clearly the product guides the user through writing and checking a backup.", "weight": 20, "anchors": [ { "score": 0, "description": "Setup does not create a backup; the user has to find the step later." }, { "score": 25, "description": "Setup creates a backup with written guidance but no check." }, { "score": 50, "description": "The user can finish setup without checking the backup, by skipping the check or the backup step." }, { "score": 75, "description": "Setup cannot be finished without a partial check (some words, or one of several backup cards)." }, { "score": 100, "description": "Setup cannot be finished without a check of the whole backup (every word, every share, or a dry-run restore), guided on the device, or for a device without a screen in the maker's app." } ] }, { "id": "documentation", "name": "Documentation and support", "description": "Quality, currency and language coverage of manuals and support channels.", "weight": 15, "anchors": [ { "score": 0, "description": "No official documentation covers the current device." }, { "score": 25, "description": "The documentation for the current device shows no update in the last 12 months, or support is only a community forum." }, { "score": 50, "description": "Current documentation in English only; the maker offers a support channel." }, { "score": 75, "description": "Current documentation and app interface in two of English, German and Spanish; ticket or e-mail support." }, { "score": 100, "description": "Current documentation and app interface in English, German and Spanish; ticket or e-mail support. Current means an update date within 12 months, or content that covers the current firmware or app version." } ] } ] } }, { "id": "recovery", "name": "Recovery options", "description": "The ways to restore access after the loss, theft or failure of the device. Evidence: the supported backup schemes (seed phrase, passphrase, Shamir or multi-share backups, social recovery), whether recovery works without the maker, and whether it was tested by WhatTheChain.", "anchors": [ { "score": 0, "description": "No backup exists, or recovery depends on a service of the maker without an alternative." }, { "score": 25, "description": "Recovery uses the maker's own scheme (backup cards, an encrypted cloud copy), with a documented path that does not need the maker." }, { "score": 50, "description": "A standard seed (BIP-39 or SLIP-39) without a passphrase option, or with non-standard derivation that keeps recovery without the maker to some networks." }, { "score": 75, "description": "A standard seed with a passphrase option, and recovery without the maker documented in third-party wallets (their documentation or walletsrecovery.org)." }, { "score": 100, "description": "As for 75, and a multi-share backup in a published standard with an implementation by another maker (SLIP-39 or BIP-93 codex32); formats specific to the maker do not count." } ] }, { "id": "compatibility", "name": "Compatibility", "description": "The assets, networks and software the device works with. Evidence: the supported blockchains, networks and token standards, and the independent wallet software and operating systems the device works with, from the maker's documentation and WhatTheChain's tests.", "anchors": [ { "score": 0, "description": "The device works only with the maker's software on one operating system." }, { "score": 25, "description": "The device works only with the maker's software, on several operating systems." }, { "score": 50, "description": "The device works with one or two independent wallet programs confirmed for this model." }, { "score": 75, "description": "The device works with at least three independent wallet programs confirmed for this model. A device that supports one network family by design (for example Bitcoin only) reaches at most this anchor." }, { "score": 100, "description": "As for 75, and the device works, with any software, on Windows, macOS, Linux, Android and iOS, and with Bitcoin, Ethereum-compatible networks and at least one further network family." } ] } ], "default_weights": { "security": 25, "control": 20, "cost": 10, "regulatory": 10, "privacy": 15, "usability": 10, "recovery": 5, "compatibility": 5 } }, "mobile-wallets": { "criteria": [ { "id": "security", "name": "Security", "description": "How well the app protects keys and funds on a general-purpose phone. Evidence: use of the phone's hardware-backed key storage, whether the app is open source and reproducibly built, published independent audits, the documented incident and vulnerability history with the provider's response, and multisig support.", "sub_criteria": { "scale": 100, "items": [ { "id": "secure-element", "name": "Secure element", "description": "Use of the phone's secure enclave or hardware-backed keystore, and app-level protection (PIN, biometrics, encryption at rest)." }, { "id": "open-source", "name": "Open source", "description": "App source code that is public and whose builds can be reproduced from it." }, { "id": "audits", "name": "Audits", "description": "Independent security audits, their scope, date and published findings." }, { "id": "track-record", "name": "Track record", "description": "Known incidents and vulnerabilities, their severity, and how quickly and openly the provider fixed and disclosed them." }, { "id": "multisig-support", "name": "Multisig support", "description": "Whether the app can create or take part in multisig setups." } ] } }, { "id": "control", "name": "Control and sovereignty", "description": "The degree to which the user, rather than the provider or an authority, holds ultimate power over the assets. Evidence: whether the app is non-custodial (the user holds the keys) or custodial (the provider holds them and the user holds a claim), whether keys can be exported in open standards, and whether the provider can freeze, block or delay withdrawals.", "sub_criteria": { "scale": 100, "items": [ { "id": "key-control", "name": "Key control", "description": "Who holds the keys: the user alone, the user and the provider, or the provider." }, { "id": "exportability", "name": "Exportability", "description": "Backups and keys in open standards that restore in wallets from other providers." }, { "id": "provider-dependence", "name": "Provider dependence", "description": "Functions that stop working without the provider's servers or account, and the provider's documented ability to freeze or block funds." } ] } }, { "id": "cost", "name": "Cost", "description": "What using the app costs the user. Evidence: subscription or premium prices, fees and spreads on swaps and purchases inside the app, and network fee handling (whether the user can set the fee), as published by the provider or measured by WhatTheChain.", "sub_criteria": { "scale": 100, "items": [ { "id": "subscription-price", "name": "Subscription price", "description": "Recurring or one-off prices for the app and its features." }, { "id": "in-app-fees", "name": "In-app swap fees", "description": "Fees and spreads on swaps and purchases inside the app." } ] } }, { "id": "regulatory", "name": "Regulatory status", "description": "The legal setting of the provider and of the services built into the app. Evidence: the provider's jurisdiction and legal entity, whether a custodial provider holds the licence or registration it needs (for the EU, an entry in the ESMA MiCA register), and the licence status of the providers behind built-in swaps, purchases and staking.", "sub_criteria": { "scale": 100, "items": [ { "id": "provider-jurisdiction", "name": "Provider jurisdiction", "description": "Where the provider is established and which law governs the app." }, { "id": "built-in-services-compliance", "name": "Compliance of built-in services", "description": "Licence or registration of the provider and of the providers behind built-in services, from official registers." } ] } }, { "id": "privacy", "name": "Privacy and data", "description": "How much the app reveals about the user. Evidence: identity checks required to use the app, telemetry and analytics and whether they can be disabled, how addresses are handled (reuse, which servers learn them), whether the user can connect to their own node, and which network connections the app makes, from documentation, privacy policies and WhatTheChain's own traffic tests.", "sub_criteria": { "scale": 100, "items": [ { "id": "telemetry", "name": "Telemetry", "description": "Data sent to the provider or third parties, its default, and opt-out." }, { "id": "address-handling", "name": "Address handling", "description": "Fresh addresses per receipt, and which servers learn the user's addresses and balances." }, { "id": "network-connections", "name": "Network connections", "description": "Connections the app makes, and support for the user's own node or Tor." } ] } }, { "id": "usability", "name": "Usability and support", "description": "How reliably a newcomer can set up and use the app without costly mistakes. Evidence: WhatTheChain's own setup test, how the app prevents and explains errors (address checks, fee warnings), how the backup and recovery flow is guided, and the quality and language coverage of documentation and support.", "sub_criteria": { "scale": 100, "items": [ { "id": "setup", "name": "Setup", "description": "Steps and time to a verified backup and a first receipt." }, { "id": "error-tolerance", "name": "Error tolerance", "description": "How the app prevents and explains mistakes before funds move." }, { "id": "recovery-flow", "name": "Recovery flow", "description": "How clearly the app guides the user through creating and checking a backup." }, { "id": "documentation", "name": "Documentation and support", "description": "Quality, currency and language coverage of help pages and support channels." } ] } }, { "id": "recovery", "name": "Recovery options", "description": "The ways to restore access after the loss, theft or failure of the phone, or the loss of an account. Evidence: the supported backup schemes (seed phrase, passphrase, encrypted cloud backup, social recovery, provider-assisted account recovery), whether recovery works without the provider, and whether it was tested by WhatTheChain." }, { "id": "compatibility", "name": "Compatibility", "description": "The assets, networks and devices the app works with. Evidence: the supported blockchains, networks and token standards, the supported phone operating systems and versions, and whether the app works with hardware wallets, from the provider's documentation and WhatTheChain's tests." } ], "default_weights": { "security": 25, "control": 20, "cost": 10, "regulatory": 10, "privacy": 15, "usability": 10, "recovery": 5, "compatibility": 5 } }, "exchanges": { "criteria": [ { "id": "security", "name": "Security", "description": "How well the platform protects the assets it holds for its customers. Evidence: the custody model (which share is held in cold storage, with whom, and whether customer assets are segregated from the company's own), published proof of reserves and whether it covers liabilities as well as assets, the documented incident history (hacks, losses, outages) with the platform's response, and protection mechanisms such as two-factor authentication, withdrawal address allowlists and insurance or compensation funds with their published terms.", "sub_criteria": { "scale": 100, "items": [ { "id": "custody-model", "name": "Custody model", "description": "How customer assets are held: cold and hot storage shares, the custodian, and segregation from the company's own assets." }, { "id": "proof-of-reserves", "name": "Proof of reserves", "description": "Published attestations of reserves, how often, by whom, and whether liabilities are included." }, { "id": "incidents", "name": "Incidents", "description": "Known hacks, losses and outages, their size, and how quickly and openly the platform disclosed them and compensated customers." }, { "id": "protection-mechanisms", "name": "Protection mechanisms", "description": "Account protection (two-factor authentication, address allowlists, withdrawal delays on change) and compensation funds or insurance with their published terms." } ] } }, { "id": "control", "name": "Control and sovereignty", "description": "How far customers can move their assets out of the platform to their own keys, and under which conditions. Evidence: whether on-chain withdrawal to an external address is supported for the assets offered (and not only an internal balance), withdrawal limits, typical and maximum waiting times, and the published policy on freezing or blocking accounts and withdrawals, from the terms of service, help pages and WhatTheChain's own withdrawal test.", "sub_criteria": { "scale": 100, "items": [ { "id": "on-chain-withdrawal", "name": "On-chain withdrawal", "description": "Withdrawal to an external address for each asset offered, and the networks supported for it." }, { "id": "limits", "name": "Limits", "description": "Daily and per-transaction withdrawal limits, and what raises them." }, { "id": "waiting-times", "name": "Waiting times", "description": "Typical and maximum time from a withdrawal request to its broadcast." }, { "id": "freeze-policy", "name": "Freeze policy", "description": "The published conditions under which the platform freezes or blocks accounts and withdrawals, and how customers are informed." } ] } }, { "id": "cost", "name": "Cost", "description": "What buying, selling and moving assets on the platform costs. Evidence: trading fees (maker and taker, or the fee of a simple purchase), deposit and withdrawal fees in fiat and in crypto assets, and the hidden spread: the difference between the price the customer gets and a reference market price at the same time, from the published fee schedule and WhatTheChain's own test purchases.", "sub_criteria": { "scale": 100, "items": [ { "id": "trading-fees", "name": "Trading fees", "description": "Maker and taker fees, or the fee of a simple purchase or sale." }, { "id": "deposit-withdrawal-fees", "name": "Deposit and withdrawal fees", "description": "Fees for fiat and crypto deposits and withdrawals." }, { "id": "spread", "name": "Hidden spread", "description": "The measured difference between the executed price and a reference market price, beyond the published fees." } ] } }, { "id": "regulatory", "name": "Regulatory status", "description": "The licence or registration the platform holds for the services it offers, and warnings about it. Evidence: for the EU, an entry in the ESMA MiCA register (the interim register of crypto-asset service providers) with the home member state, the services and the member states it may serve; national licences and registrations elsewhere; public warnings by supervisors; and the jurisdiction of the legal entity that contracts with the customer. The register is evidence for this criterion only; it is not a rating.", "sub_criteria": { "scale": 100, "items": [ { "id": "licence", "name": "Licence or registration", "description": "Authorisation under MiCA (ESMA register) or national law, the services covered and the member states served." }, { "id": "warnings", "name": "Supervisory warnings", "description": "Public warnings, sanctions or enforcement actions by supervisors against the platform or its group." }, { "id": "jurisdiction", "name": "Jurisdiction", "description": "Where the contracting entity is established and which law governs the customer relationship." } ] } }, { "id": "privacy", "name": "Privacy and data", "description": "What the platform collects about its customers and what it does with it. Evidence: the scope of identity checks (KYC) beyond what the law requires for the service, the data use and sharing described in the privacy policy (analytics, advertising, data sale), the retention periods, and the jurisdiction where customer data is stored and processed.", "sub_criteria": { "scale": 100, "items": [ { "id": "kyc-scope", "name": "Scope of KYC", "description": "Which identity data and documents are required, and whether more is collected than the service needs by law." }, { "id": "data-use", "name": "Data use", "description": "Uses and sharing of customer data named in the privacy policy, and whether they can be refused." }, { "id": "data-jurisdiction", "name": "Data jurisdiction", "description": "Where customer data is stored and processed, and under which law." } ] } }, { "id": "usability", "name": "Usability and support", "description": "How reliably a newcomer can open an account, buy, and withdraw without costly mistakes. Evidence: WhatTheChain's own onboarding test (steps and time to a verified account), whether the interface shows fees, networks and withdrawal addresses clearly before confirmation, the reachability and quality of support in the reader's language, and transparency: published fee schedules, status pages and incident reports.", "sub_criteria": { "scale": 100, "items": [ { "id": "onboarding", "name": "Onboarding", "description": "Steps and time to a verified account and a first purchase." }, { "id": "interface", "name": "Interface", "description": "How clearly fees, networks and addresses are shown before a customer confirms." }, { "id": "support-quality", "name": "Support quality", "description": "Reachability, response times and language coverage of support." }, { "id": "transparency", "name": "Transparency", "description": "Published fee schedules, status pages and incident reports." } ] } }, { "id": "liquidity-execution", "name": "Liquidity and execution", "description": "Whether orders are filled close to the market price, also for larger amounts. Evidence: order book depth and slippage for standard order sizes in the main markets, the order types offered, and how orders are executed (own order book, routing to other venues or the platform as counterparty), from published data and WhatTheChain's own test orders.", "sub_criteria": { "scale": 100, "items": [ { "id": "depth-slippage", "name": "Depth and slippage", "description": "Measured slippage for standard order sizes in the main markets." }, { "id": "execution-model", "name": "Execution model", "description": "Own order book, routing to other venues, or the platform as counterparty, and whether this is disclosed." } ] } }, { "id": "fiat-access", "name": "Fiat access", "description": "How customers get money in and out in their own currency. Evidence: the payment rails supported for deposits and withdrawals (SEPA and SEPA Instant, cards, local rails such as national instant payment schemes), the currencies supported, and the published limits and settlement times, per country where they differ.", "sub_criteria": { "scale": 100, "items": [ { "id": "sepa", "name": "SEPA", "description": "SEPA and SEPA Instant deposits and withdrawals, limits and settlement times." }, { "id": "cards", "name": "Cards", "description": "Card purchases and payouts, their fees and limits." }, { "id": "local-rails", "name": "Local rails", "description": "National payment schemes and the fiat currencies supported." } ] } } ], "default_weights": { "security": 25, "control": 20, "cost": 15, "regulatory": 15, "privacy": 10, "usability": 5, "liquidity-execution": 5, "fiat-access": 5 } }, "on-ramps": { "criteria": [ { "id": "security", "name": "Security", "description": "How well the service protects customers' money and assets during a purchase or sale. Evidence: the custody model (whether purchased assets are delivered straight to the customer's own address or held by the service first, and for how long), published proof of reserves where the service holds balances, the documented incident history with the service's response, and protection mechanisms such as address checks and account protection.", "sub_criteria": { "scale": 100, "items": [ { "id": "custody-model", "name": "Custody model", "description": "Direct delivery to the customer's own address, or a custodial balance first, and how long assets stay with the service." }, { "id": "proof-of-reserves", "name": "Proof of reserves", "description": "Published attestations where the service holds customer balances." }, { "id": "incidents", "name": "Incidents", "description": "Known losses, fraud cases and outages, and how quickly and openly the service disclosed them and compensated customers." }, { "id": "protection-mechanisms", "name": "Protection mechanisms", "description": "Address checks before sending, account protection and refund terms." } ] } }, { "id": "control", "name": "Control and sovereignty", "description": "How directly customers receive what they paid for. Evidence: whether purchased assets are sent on-chain to an address the customer chooses, purchase and payout limits, typical and maximum waiting times from payment to delivery, and the published policy on holding or refusing transactions, from the terms of service and WhatTheChain's own test purchases.", "sub_criteria": { "scale": 100, "items": [ { "id": "on-chain-withdrawal", "name": "On-chain delivery", "description": "Delivery to an address the customer chooses, and the networks supported." }, { "id": "limits", "name": "Limits", "description": "Purchase and payout limits, and what raises them." }, { "id": "waiting-times", "name": "Waiting times", "description": "Typical and maximum time from payment to on-chain delivery." }, { "id": "freeze-policy", "name": "Freeze policy", "description": "The published conditions under which the service holds, reverses or refuses transactions, and how customers are informed." } ] } }, { "id": "cost", "name": "Cost", "description": "What a purchase or sale costs in total. Evidence: the service fee, payment method fees (card, bank transfer), network fees passed on to the customer, and the hidden spread: the difference between the quoted price and a reference market price at the same time, from the published fee schedule and WhatTheChain's own test purchases.", "sub_criteria": { "scale": 100, "items": [ { "id": "trading-fees", "name": "Service fees", "description": "The fee of a purchase or sale, fixed and relative." }, { "id": "deposit-withdrawal-fees", "name": "Payment and network fees", "description": "Fees per payment method and network fees passed on." }, { "id": "spread", "name": "Hidden spread", "description": "The measured difference between the quoted price and a reference market price, beyond the published fees." } ] } }, { "id": "regulatory", "name": "Regulatory status", "description": "The licence or registration the service holds, and warnings about it. Evidence: for the EU, an entry in the ESMA MiCA register with the home member state, the services and the member states it may serve; payment or e-money licences for the fiat side; public warnings by supervisors; and the jurisdiction of the contracting entity. The register is evidence for this criterion only; it is not a rating.", "sub_criteria": { "scale": 100, "items": [ { "id": "licence", "name": "Licence or registration", "description": "Authorisation under MiCA (ESMA register) or national law, and payment licences for the fiat side." }, { "id": "warnings", "name": "Supervisory warnings", "description": "Public warnings, sanctions or enforcement actions by supervisors." }, { "id": "jurisdiction", "name": "Jurisdiction", "description": "Where the contracting entity is established and which law governs the customer relationship." } ] } }, { "id": "privacy", "name": "Privacy and data", "description": "What the service collects about its customers and what it does with it. Evidence: the scope of identity checks per amount (KYC), the data use and sharing described in the privacy policy, the payment data passed to third parties, and the jurisdiction where customer data is stored and processed.", "sub_criteria": { "scale": 100, "items": [ { "id": "kyc-scope", "name": "Scope of KYC", "description": "Which identity data is required per amount, and whether more is collected than the law requires." }, { "id": "data-use", "name": "Data use", "description": "Uses and sharing of customer and payment data named in the privacy policy." }, { "id": "data-jurisdiction", "name": "Data jurisdiction", "description": "Where customer data is stored and processed, and under which law." } ] } }, { "id": "usability", "name": "Usability and support", "description": "How reliably a newcomer can complete a first purchase without costly mistakes. Evidence: WhatTheChain's own purchase test (steps and time from start to delivery), whether the total price, network and address are shown clearly before payment, the reachability and quality of support, and transparency: published fee schedules and status pages.", "sub_criteria": { "scale": 100, "items": [ { "id": "onboarding", "name": "Onboarding", "description": "Steps and time from start to a first delivery." }, { "id": "interface", "name": "Interface", "description": "How clearly the total price, network and address are shown before payment." }, { "id": "support-quality", "name": "Support quality", "description": "Reachability, response times and language coverage of support." }, { "id": "transparency", "name": "Transparency", "description": "Published fee schedules, status pages and incident reports." } ] } }, { "id": "liquidity-execution", "name": "Liquidity and execution", "description": "Whether the quoted price holds and larger purchases are filled. Evidence: how long a quote is valid, how often the delivered amount differs from the quote, and the largest amount that can be bought in one order, from published terms and WhatTheChain's own test purchases.", "sub_criteria": { "scale": 100, "items": [ { "id": "quote-reliability", "name": "Quote reliability", "description": "Quote validity and the measured difference between quote and delivery." }, { "id": "order-size", "name": "Order size", "description": "The largest amount that can be bought or sold in one order." } ] } }, { "id": "fiat-access", "name": "Fiat access", "description": "How customers pay and get paid in their own currency. Evidence: the payment methods supported (SEPA and SEPA Instant, cards, local rails such as national instant payment schemes), the currencies and countries supported, and the published limits and settlement times, per country where they differ.", "sub_criteria": { "scale": 100, "items": [ { "id": "sepa", "name": "SEPA", "description": "SEPA and SEPA Instant payments and payouts, limits and settlement times." }, { "id": "cards", "name": "Cards", "description": "Card payments and payouts, their fees and limits." }, { "id": "local-rails", "name": "Local rails", "description": "National payment schemes and the fiat currencies supported." } ] } } ], "default_weights": { "security": 20, "control": 15, "cost": 20, "regulatory": 15, "privacy": 10, "usability": 5, "liquidity-execution": 5, "fiat-access": 10 } } } }, "categories": [ { "id": "exchanges", "name": "Exchanges and brokers", "description": "Platforms where customers buy, sell and hold crypto assets through an account, either on an order book or with the platform as counterparty. The platform usually holds the assets for its customers until they withdraw them to their own address. Rated on security, control, cost, regulatory status, privacy, usability, liquidity and execution, and fiat access." }, { "id": "hardware-wallets", "name": "Hardware wallets", "description": "Dedicated physical devices that generate and hold private keys offline and sign transactions on the device, used together with companion software on a computer or phone. Rated on security, control, cost, regulatory status, privacy, usability, recovery options and compatibility." }, { "id": "mobile-wallets", "name": "Mobile wallets", "description": "Wallet apps for phones, custodial (the provider holds the keys and the user holds a claim) or non-custodial (the user holds the keys on the phone). The custody model is stated on every product and measured under the control criterion. Rated on the same criteria as hardware wallets." }, { "id": "on-ramps", "name": "On-ramps", "description": "Services that convert money in a national currency into crypto assets, or back, typically for a single purchase or sale by card or bank transfer, often with delivery to an address the customer chooses and without a lasting trading account. Rated on the same criteria as exchanges." } ], "products": [], "assessments": [], "evidence": [], "glossary": [ { "id": "aml", "term": "AML", "definition": "Anti-money-laundering rules and procedures.", "category": "regulation-and-tax", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "kyc" }, { "type": "related", "term": "travel-rule" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "asset-referenced-token", "term": "Asset-referenced token (ART)", "definition": "Under MiCA, a crypto asset that references several currencies, commodities or other assets.", "category": "regulation-and-tax", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "mica" }, { "type": "contrast", "term": "e-money-token" }, { "type": "related", "term": "stablecoin" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "bail-in", "term": "Bail-in", "definition": "The write-down or conversion of a failing bank's liabilities, including depositors' balances above the guaranteed amount, to absorb losses.", "category": "money-and-macro", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "bank-money" }, { "type": "related", "term": "capital-controls" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "bank-money", "term": "Bank money", "definition": "A balance held at a commercial bank; legally a claim against the bank, not the same thing as cash.", "category": "money-and-macro", "relations": [ { "type": "contrast", "term": "central-bank-money" }, { "type": "related", "term": "bail-in" } ], "confusions": [ { "term": "central-bank-money", "explanation": "Bank money is a claim against a commercial bank. Central bank money (cash and reserves) is a claim against the central bank, not against a private institution." } ] }, { "id": "blockchain", "term": "Blockchain", "definition": "A distributed ledger in which transactions are recorded in cryptographically linked blocks maintained by a network of nodes.", "category": "crypto-fundamentals", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "node" }, { "type": "related", "term": "consensus" }, { "type": "related", "term": "hash" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "bridge", "term": "Bridge", "definition": "A service or protocol for moving assets, or representations of them, between blockchains.", "category": "crypto-fundamentals", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "layer-1" }, { "type": "related", "term": "token" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "cantillon-effect", "term": "Cantillon effect", "definition": "The observation that newly created money benefits those who receive it first, changing relative prices and the distribution of wealth.", "category": "money-and-macro", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "money-supply" }, { "type": "related", "term": "inflation" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "capital-controls", "term": "Capital controls", "definition": "Government restrictions on moving money across borders or withdrawing it from banks.", "category": "money-and-macro", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "bail-in" }, { "type": "related", "term": "control-criterion" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "casp", "term": "CASP", "definition": "Crypto-asset service provider: the MiCA category for exchanges, brokers, custodians and similar services, subject to authorisation and listed in the public register.", "category": "regulation-and-tax", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "mica" }, { "type": "related", "term": "cex" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "cbdc", "term": "CBDC", "definition": "Central bank digital currency: a digital form of central bank money for the public, such as the planned digital euro.", "category": "money-and-macro", "relations": [ { "type": "broader", "term": "central-bank-money" }, { "type": "related", "term": "stablecoin" } ], "confusions": [ { "term": "stablecoin", "explanation": "A CBDC is a liability of the central bank. A stablecoin is issued by a private issuer and backed by that issuer's reserve." } ] }, { "id": "central-bank-money", "term": "Central bank money", "definition": "Cash and the reserves that banks hold at the central bank; the only money that is not a claim against a private institution.", "category": "money-and-macro", "relations": [ { "type": "contrast", "term": "bank-money" }, { "type": "narrower", "term": "cbdc" }, { "type": "related", "term": "quantitative-easing" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "cex", "term": "CEX / DEX", "definition": "Centralised exchange: operated by a company that holds customer funds. Decentralised exchange: a protocol that trades without central custody.", "category": "markets", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "custodial-wallet" }, { "type": "related", "term": "order-book" }, { "type": "related", "term": "defi" }, { "type": "related", "term": "kyc" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "coin", "term": "Coin", "definition": "The native asset of its own blockchain, such as BTC on Bitcoin.", "category": "crypto-fundamentals", "relations": [ { "type": "contrast", "term": "token" }, { "type": "related", "term": "blockchain" } ], "confusions": [ { "term": "token", "explanation": "A coin is native to its own blockchain. A token is issued on an existing blockchain, usually by a smart contract." } ] }, { "id": "cold-storage", "term": "Cold storage", "definition": "Custody in which private keys never touch an internet-connected device.", "category": "ownership-and-custody", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "hardware-wallet" }, { "type": "related", "term": "non-custodial" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "confidence-label", "term": "Confidence label", "definition": "An indication of how well a rating value is supported by sources: high, medium, low or estimate.", "category": "platform-terms", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "frontier" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "consensus", "term": "Consensus", "definition": "The procedure by which a decentralised network agrees on the valid state of the ledger.", "category": "crypto-fundamentals", "relations": [ { "type": "narrower", "term": "proof-of-work" }, { "type": "narrower", "term": "proof-of-stake" }, { "type": "related", "term": "finality" }, { "type": "related", "term": "fork" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "control-criterion", "term": "Control (criterion)", "definition": "The degree to which the user, rather than an issuer, provider or authority, holds ultimate power over their assets: freeze risk, withdrawal, self-custody.", "category": "platform-terms", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "non-custodial" }, { "type": "related", "term": "custodial-wallet" }, { "type": "related", "term": "capital-controls" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "custodial-wallet", "term": "Custodial wallet", "definition": "A wallet in which a provider holds the keys on the user's behalf; the user holds a claim, not the keys.", "category": "ownership-and-custody", "relations": [ { "type": "broader", "term": "wallet" }, { "type": "contrast", "term": "non-custodial" }, { "type": "related", "term": "control-criterion" } ], "confusions": [ { "term": "non-custodial", "explanation": "In a custodial wallet the provider holds the keys and the user holds a claim against the provider. In self-custody the user holds the keys directly." } ] }, { "id": "defi", "term": "DeFi", "definition": "Decentralised finance: financial applications executed mainly through smart contracts.", "category": "crypto-fundamentals", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "smart-contract" }, { "type": "related", "term": "cex" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "denominator", "term": "Denominator", "definition": "The unit in which a price is expressed; the same asset history looks different in EUR, USD, gold or Bitcoin.", "category": "platform-terms", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "purchasing-power" }, { "type": "related", "term": "dxy" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "drawdown", "term": "Drawdown", "definition": "The decline from a peak to a subsequent trough; a measure of the downside experienced.", "category": "markets", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "volatility" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "dxy", "term": "DXY", "definition": "An index of the US dollar against a basket of major currencies, widely used as a gauge of dollar strength.", "category": "money-and-macro", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "fiat-currency" }, { "type": "related", "term": "denominator" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "e-money-token", "term": "E-money token (EMT)", "definition": "Under MiCA, a crypto asset that references one official currency and is issued by an authorised issuer; the regulatory category for euro and dollar stablecoins in the EU.", "category": "regulation-and-tax", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "mica" }, { "type": "related", "term": "stablecoin" }, { "type": "contrast", "term": "asset-referenced-token" } ], "confusions": [ { "term": "asset-referenced-token", "explanation": "An EMT references one official currency. An ART references several currencies, commodities or other assets." } ] }, { "id": "etf", "term": "ETF / ETP", "definition": "Exchange-traded funds and products that give exposure to an asset through a traditional brokerage account.", "category": "markets", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "on-ramp" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "fiat-currency", "term": "Fiat currency", "definition": "State-issued money that is legal tender by law and not redeemable for a commodity, such as the euro or the US dollar.", "category": "money-and-macro", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "central-bank-money" }, { "type": "related", "term": "bank-money" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "finality", "term": "Finality", "definition": "The point from which a transaction is considered practically or technically irreversible.", "category": "crypto-fundamentals", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "consensus" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "fork", "term": "Fork", "definition": "A split or rule change in a blockchain protocol.", "category": "crypto-fundamentals", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "consensus" }, { "type": "related", "term": "node" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "frontier", "term": "Frontier", "definition": "The best value measured for a criterion within a product category, shown next to each rating so that absolute and relative quality stay distinguishable.", "category": "platform-terms", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "confidence-label" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "gas-fee", "term": "Gas fee", "definition": "The fee paid to execute a transaction or contract operation on certain networks.", "category": "crypto-fundamentals", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "smart-contract" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "halving", "term": "Halving", "definition": "The periodic halving of Bitcoin's block subsidy, which fixes its issuance schedule.", "category": "crypto-fundamentals", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "mining" }, { "type": "related", "term": "proof-of-work" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "hardware-wallet", "term": "Hardware wallet", "definition": "A dedicated physical device that keeps private keys isolated from internet-connected computers.", "category": "ownership-and-custody", "relations": [ { "type": "broader", "term": "wallet" }, { "type": "related", "term": "cold-storage" } ], "confusions": [ { "term": "cold-storage", "explanation": "A hardware wallet is a device. Cold storage is a way of keeping keys: they never touch an internet-connected device. A hardware wallet is one way to achieve it; other setups can achieve it too." } ] }, { "id": "hash", "term": "Hash", "definition": "A fixed-length cryptographic fingerprint of data.", "category": "crypto-fundamentals", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "blockchain" }, { "type": "related", "term": "proof-of-work" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "holding-period", "term": "Holding period", "definition": "The length of time an asset is held, which in some jurisdictions determines whether or how a gain is taxed.", "category": "regulation-and-tax", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "taxable-event" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "inflation", "term": "Inflation", "definition": "A sustained rise in the general price level; equivalently, a fall in the purchasing power of money.", "category": "money-and-macro", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "purchasing-power" }, { "type": "related", "term": "real-interest-rate" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "kyc", "term": "KYC", "definition": "Know your customer: identity verification by a regulated service provider.", "category": "regulation-and-tax", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "aml" }, { "type": "related", "term": "travel-rule" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "layer-1", "term": "Layer 1 / Layer 2", "definition": "The base blockchain and the scaling or execution layers built on top of it, such as Lightning on Bitcoin or rollups on Ethereum.", "category": "crypto-fundamentals", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "lightning-network" }, { "type": "related", "term": "bridge" }, { "type": "related", "term": "blockchain" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "lightning-network", "term": "Lightning Network", "definition": "A layer-2 payment network for fast, low-cost Bitcoin transactions.", "category": "crypto-fundamentals", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "layer-1" }, { "type": "related", "term": "finality" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "liquidity-macro", "term": "Liquidity (macro)", "definition": "The availability of money and credit in an economy or market, as distinct from the market liquidity of a single asset.", "category": "money-and-macro", "relations": [ { "type": "contrast", "term": "liquidity-market" }, { "type": "related", "term": "quantitative-easing" }, { "type": "related", "term": "money-supply" } ], "confusions": [ { "term": "liquidity-market", "explanation": "Macro liquidity is the amount of money and credit available across an economy. Market liquidity is how easily one asset can be traded in size without moving its price." } ] }, { "id": "liquidity-market", "term": "Liquidity (market)", "definition": "The ability to buy or sell an asset in size without moving its price much.", "category": "markets", "relations": [ { "type": "contrast", "term": "liquidity-macro" }, { "type": "related", "term": "spread" }, { "type": "related", "term": "slippage" }, { "type": "related", "term": "order-book" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "market-capitalisation", "term": "Market capitalisation", "definition": "Price per unit multiplied by circulating supply; a measure of size, not of liquidity or quality.", "category": "markets", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "liquidity-market" } ], "confusions": [ { "term": "liquidity-market", "explanation": "Market capitalisation measures size. It does not show how much of an asset can be traded without moving its price; that is market liquidity." } ] }, { "id": "mica", "term": "MiCA", "definition": "The EU Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation: the harmonised framework for crypto assets and their service providers in the EU.", "category": "regulation-and-tax", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "casp" }, { "type": "related", "term": "e-money-token" }, { "type": "related", "term": "asset-referenced-token" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "mining", "term": "Mining", "definition": "The use of computing power to produce blocks and secure a proof-of-work network, rewarded with newly issued coins and fees.", "category": "crypto-fundamentals", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "proof-of-work" }, { "type": "related", "term": "halving" } ], "confusions": [ { "term": "staking", "explanation": "Mining secures a proof-of-work network with computing power. Staking secures a proof-of-stake network with locked assets." } ] }, { "id": "money-supply", "term": "Money supply (M1, M2, M3)", "definition": "Measures of how much money exists in an economy, from cash and sight deposits (M1) to broader liquid instruments (M3); definitions differ by currency area.", "category": "money-and-macro", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "bank-money" }, { "type": "related", "term": "quantitative-easing" }, { "type": "related", "term": "liquidity-macro" }, { "type": "related", "term": "cantillon-effect" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "multisig", "term": "Multisig", "definition": "A setup that requires several keys to authorise a transaction, spreading risk across devices or people.", "category": "ownership-and-custody", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "private-key" }, { "type": "related", "term": "social-recovery" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "node", "term": "Node", "definition": "A computer that stores, verifies and relays a network's data according to the protocol rules.", "category": "crypto-fundamentals", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "blockchain" }, { "type": "related", "term": "consensus" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "non-custodial", "term": "Non-custodial / self-custody", "definition": "Custody in which the user controls the keys directly, without an intermediary.", "category": "ownership-and-custody", "relations": [ { "type": "contrast", "term": "custodial-wallet" }, { "type": "related", "term": "private-key" }, { "type": "related", "term": "control-criterion" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "on-ramp", "term": "On-ramp / off-ramp", "definition": "The route from fiat money into crypto, and back.", "category": "markets", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "cex" }, { "type": "related", "term": "kyc" }, { "type": "related", "term": "fiat-currency" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "order-book", "term": "Order book", "definition": "The list of open buy and sell orders on an exchange.", "category": "markets", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "spread" }, { "type": "related", "term": "cex" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "passphrase", "term": "Passphrase", "definition": "An additional secret combined with a seed phrase to derive a separate set of keys.", "category": "ownership-and-custody", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "seed-phrase" } ], "confusions": [ { "term": "seed-phrase", "explanation": "The seed phrase is the master backup. A passphrase is an extra secret added to it; the same seed phrase with a different passphrase derives a different set of keys." } ] }, { "id": "peg", "term": "Peg / depeg", "definition": "The intended link of a stablecoin to its reference value, and its breakdown.", "category": "markets", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "stablecoin" }, { "type": "related", "term": "reserve" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "policy-rate", "term": "Policy rate", "definition": "The interest rate a central bank sets for lending to or accepting deposits from banks; the anchor of all other rates in a currency.", "category": "money-and-macro", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "real-interest-rate" }, { "type": "related", "term": "yield-curve" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "private-key", "term": "Private key", "definition": "The secret cryptographic key that controls assets on a blockchain; whoever holds it holds the assets.", "category": "ownership-and-custody", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "public-key" }, { "type": "related", "term": "seed-phrase" }, { "type": "related", "term": "wallet" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "proof-of-stake", "term": "Proof of Stake", "definition": "A consensus mechanism in which staked assets are the basis for validating blocks and securing the network.", "category": "crypto-fundamentals", "relations": [ { "type": "broader", "term": "consensus" }, { "type": "contrast", "term": "proof-of-work" }, { "type": "related", "term": "staking" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "proof-of-work", "term": "Proof of Work", "definition": "A consensus mechanism in which computational work secures the network and produces blocks.", "category": "crypto-fundamentals", "relations": [ { "type": "broader", "term": "consensus" }, { "type": "contrast", "term": "proof-of-stake" }, { "type": "related", "term": "mining" }, { "type": "related", "term": "hash" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "public-key", "term": "Public key / address", "definition": "The publicly shareable counterpart to a private key, used to receive funds.", "category": "ownership-and-custody", "relations": [ { "type": "contrast", "term": "private-key" } ], "confusions": [ { "term": "private-key", "explanation": "A public key or address can be shared to receive funds. The private key controls those funds and stays secret." } ] }, { "id": "purchasing-power", "term": "Purchasing power", "definition": "What a unit of money actually buys; the quantity that inflation erodes.", "category": "money-and-macro", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "inflation" }, { "type": "related", "term": "denominator" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "quantitative-easing", "term": "Quantitative easing / tightening", "definition": "A central bank's expansion or contraction of its balance sheet by buying or selling securities, changing the reserves in the banking system.", "category": "money-and-macro", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "central-bank-money" }, { "type": "related", "term": "money-supply" }, { "type": "related", "term": "liquidity-macro" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "real-interest-rate", "term": "Real interest rate", "definition": "A nominal interest rate minus inflation; positive when saving in a currency gains purchasing power, negative when it loses.", "category": "money-and-macro", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "policy-rate" }, { "type": "related", "term": "inflation" }, { "type": "related", "term": "purchasing-power" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "reserve", "term": "Reserve", "definition": "The assets backing a stablecoin, held by its issuer.", "category": "markets", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "stablecoin" }, { "type": "related", "term": "peg" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "seed-phrase", "term": "Seed phrase", "definition": "A sequence of words from which a wallet's keys can be restored; the master backup.", "category": "ownership-and-custody", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "private-key" }, { "type": "related", "term": "passphrase" }, { "type": "related", "term": "social-recovery" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "slippage", "term": "Slippage", "definition": "The difference between the expected and the executed price, usually caused by low liquidity or large orders.", "category": "markets", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "spread" }, { "type": "related", "term": "liquidity-market" } ], "confusions": [ { "term": "spread", "explanation": "The spread is visible before a trade, as the gap between the best buy and sell prices. Slippage shows after a trade, when the executed price differs from the expected one." } ] }, { "id": "smart-contract", "term": "Smart contract", "definition": "Program code on a blockchain that executes defined rules automatically.", "category": "crypto-fundamentals", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "gas-fee" }, { "type": "related", "term": "defi" }, { "type": "related", "term": "token" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "social-recovery", "term": "Social recovery", "definition": "A recovery method in which designated contacts or devices can help restore access without a single seed phrase.", "category": "ownership-and-custody", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "seed-phrase" }, { "type": "related", "term": "multisig" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "spread", "term": "Spread", "definition": "The difference between the best buy and sell prices.", "category": "markets", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "order-book" }, { "type": "related", "term": "slippage" }, { "type": "related", "term": "liquidity-market" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "stablecoin", "term": "Stablecoin", "definition": "A crypto asset designed to hold a stable value against a reference such as the US dollar or the euro.", "category": "markets", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "peg" }, { "type": "related", "term": "reserve" }, { "type": "related", "term": "e-money-token" }, { "type": "related", "term": "cbdc" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "staking", "term": "Staking", "definition": "Locking assets to participate in validation on a proof-of-stake network, usually for a reward.", "category": "crypto-fundamentals", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "proof-of-stake" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "taxable-event", "term": "Taxable event", "definition": "An action, such as a disposal, swap or receipt of rewards, that triggers a tax consequence under a country's rules.", "category": "regulation-and-tax", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "holding-period" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "term-premium", "term": "Term premium", "definition": "The extra yield investors demand to hold a long-term bond rather than rolling over short-term ones.", "category": "money-and-macro", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "yield-curve" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "token", "term": "Token", "definition": "A digital asset issued on an existing blockchain, such as an ERC-20 token on Ethereum.", "category": "crypto-fundamentals", "relations": [ { "type": "contrast", "term": "coin" }, { "type": "related", "term": "tokenomics" }, { "type": "related", "term": "smart-contract" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "tokenomics", "term": "Tokenomics", "definition": "The economic rules of a token: supply, issuance, distribution and incentives.", "category": "crypto-fundamentals", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "token" }, { "type": "related", "term": "halving" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "travel-rule", "term": "Travel Rule", "definition": "The requirement that sender and recipient data accompany regulated crypto transfers; relevant when withdrawing from a licensed provider to self-custody.", "category": "regulation-and-tax", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "kyc" }, { "type": "related", "term": "aml" }, { "type": "related", "term": "non-custodial" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "utxo", "term": "UTXO", "definition": "Unspent transaction output: the accounting model Bitcoin uses to track who can spend what.", "category": "crypto-fundamentals", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "blockchain" }, { "type": "related", "term": "private-key" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "volatility", "term": "Volatility", "definition": "The intensity of price fluctuation over time.", "category": "markets", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "drawdown" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "wallet", "term": "Wallet", "definition": "Software, hardware or a procedure for managing keys and interacting with blockchain assets; a wallet holds keys, not coins.", "category": "ownership-and-custody", "relations": [ { "type": "narrower", "term": "hardware-wallet" }, { "type": "narrower", "term": "custodial-wallet" }, { "type": "related", "term": "private-key" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "whale", "term": "Whale", "definition": "A holder of a very large amount of an asset, whose actions can move the market.", "category": "markets", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "liquidity-market" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "yield-curve", "term": "Yield curve", "definition": "The relationship between bond yields and their maturities for one issuer; its shape reflects expectations about growth, inflation and policy.", "category": "money-and-macro", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "term-premium" }, { "type": "related", "term": "policy-rate" } ], "confusions": [] }, { "id": "zero-knowledge", "term": "Zero knowledge", "definition": "Cryptographic methods that prove a statement without revealing the underlying information.", "category": "crypto-fundamentals", "relations": [ { "type": "related", "term": "layer-1" } ], "confusions": [] } ], "sources": [ { "id": "src-ar-decree-1570-2001", "publisher": "Presidencia de la Nación (InfoLEG)", "title": "Decreto 1570/2001: Entidades financieras, nuevas medidas económicas (1 December 2001)", "url": "https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/norma-70355/texto", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0: argentina.gob.ar licenses all its contents under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International unless stated otherwise (https://www.argentina.gob.ar/terminos-y-condiciones).", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: InfoLEG, Presidencia de la Nación (argentina.gob.ar), CC BY 4.0.", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Art. 2(a): cash withdrawals above ARS 250 or USD 250 per week per account holder prohibited; art. 2(b): transfers abroad prohibited with exceptions; art. 4: demand and time deposits, transfers between institutions and card use remain available; art. 7: export of foreign currency above USD 1,000 only through financial institutions. Cited by incidents/inc-2001-ar-corralito.yaml." }, { "id": "src-ar-decree-214-2002", "publisher": "Presidencia de la Nación (InfoLEG)", "title": "Decreto 214/2002: Reordenamiento del sistema financiero (3 February 2002)", "url": "https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/decreto-214-2002-72017/texto", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0: argentina.gob.ar licenses all its contents under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International unless stated otherwise (https://www.argentina.gob.ar/terminos-y-condiciones).", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: InfoLEG, Presidencia de la Nación (argentina.gob.ar), CC BY 4.0.", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Art. 2: foreign-currency deposits converted to pesos at ARS 1.40 per USD; art. 3: foreign-currency debts to the financial system converted at ARS 1 per USD. Cited by incidents/inc-2001-ar-corralito.yaml." }, { "id": "src-bips-bip-0032", "publisher": "Bitcoin Improvement Proposals (bitcoin/bips repository)", "title": "BIP-32: Hierarchical Deterministic Wallets", "url": "https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki", "licence": "BSD-2-Clause (as stated in the document: \"This BIP is licensed under the 2-clause BSD license.\")", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: BIP-32, bitcoin/bips repository (BSD-2-Clause).", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Specification of hierarchical deterministic wallets: how one seed derives a tree of key pairs. Cited by explainer/seed-phrase and explainer/private-key-and-address." }, { "id": "src-bis-consumer-prices", "publisher": "Bank for International Settlements (BIS)", "title": "Consumer prices, year-on-year change", "url": "https://data.bis.org/topics/CPI", "dataset_code": "WS_LONG_CPI (M..771, year-on-year changes in percent)", "series": [ "bis-cpi-ch-yoy", "bis-cpi-gb-yoy", "bis-cpi-jp-yoy", "bis-cpi-us-yoy" ], "licence": "BIS terms of permitted use of BIS statistics (https://www.bis.org/terms_statistics.htm): use is unrestricted provided the BIS is cited as the source, translations are marked as not official, the use does not imply BIS endorsement, and inclusion in a commercial product does not add charges to its users.", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: Bank for International Settlements (BIS), national sources.", "cadence": "monthly", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "sdmx", "note": "Monthly consumer price inflation compiled by the BIS from national sources; the inflation input of the real interest rate indicator for CHF, GBP and JPY (policy rates from src-bis-policy-rates). The terms are those recorded for src-bis-policy-rates on 2026-09-28; the terms page refused automated retrieval on 2026-09-29, so re-check them by hand." }, { "id": "src-bis-policy-rates", "publisher": "Bank for International Settlements (BIS)", "title": "Central bank policy rates", "url": "https://data.bis.org/topics/CBPOL", "dataset_code": "WS_CBPOL", "series": [ "bis-cbpol-ch-rate", "bis-cbpol-gb-rate", "bis-cbpol-jp-rate" ], "licence": "BIS terms of permitted use of BIS statistics (https://www.bis.org/terms_statistics.htm): use is unrestricted provided the BIS is cited as the source, translations are marked as not official, the use does not imply BIS endorsement, and inclusion in a commercial product does not add charges to its users.", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: Bank for International Settlements (BIS).", "cadence": "weekly", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "sdmx", "note": "Daily data released around mid-week. Covers policy rates for currencies without their own register entry (CHF, GBP, JPY) for the real interest rate indicator." }, { "id": "src-bitcoincore-managing-wallets", "publisher": "Bitcoin Core", "title": "Managing the Wallet", "url": "https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/managing-wallets.md", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "Source: Bitcoin Core documentation, \"Managing the Wallet\".", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Wallet documentation of a node software: backing up and restoring wallets. Cited by explainer/private-key-and-address; the published text names no wallet brand." }, { "id": "src-bitcoinorg-devguide-transactions", "publisher": "Bitcoin.org", "title": "Bitcoin Developer Guide: Transactions", "url": "https://developer.bitcoin.org/devguide/transactions.html", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "Source: Bitcoin.org, Bitcoin Developer Guide, \"Transactions\".", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "How outputs are locked to keys and spent with signatures (UTXOs). Cited by explainer/private-key-and-address. Only the first 20,000 characters were retrieved." }, { "id": "src-bitcoinorg-devguide-wallets", "publisher": "Bitcoin.org", "title": "Bitcoin Developer Guide: Wallets", "url": "https://developer.bitcoin.org/devguide/wallets.html", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "Source: Bitcoin.org, Bitcoin Developer Guide, \"Wallets\".", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Wallets as collections of private keys; key generation and backup. Cited by explainer/private-key-and-address." }, { "id": "src-boe-cash-payment-limit", "publisher": "Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE)", "title": "Ley 11/2021, de 9 de julio, de medidas de prevención y lucha contra el fraude fiscal", "url": "https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2021-11473", "dataset_code": "BOE-A-2021-11473", "licence": "BOE legal notice (https://www.boe.es/informacion/aviso_legal/index.php): reuse is permitted for commercial and non-commercial purposes; the source must be cited and the meaning must not be distorted; consolidated texts are informative only.", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado, Ley 11/2021.", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "manual", "note": "Ley 11/2021 amends article 7 of Ley 7/2012, \"disminuyendo el límite general de pagos en efectivo de 2.500 a 1.000 euros\" for operations where a party acts as an entrepreneur or professional, and to 10,000 euros for payers with a tax domicile abroad. The Agencia Tributaria restated the rule on 5 September 2022 (\"transactions of an amount equal to or greater than 1,000 euros\" may not be paid in cash; https://sede.agenciatributaria.gob.es/Sede/en_gb/informacion-institucional/puede-interesar/analisis/2022/septiembre/5/pagos-efectivo.html); the cash index dates the value to that statement. The consolidated text of Ley 7/2012 could not be read in full on 2026-10-02; check it on the next review. LEGAL_REVIEW(cash-index)." }, { "id": "src-boe-m4", "publisher": "Bank of England", "title": "M4 (MFIs' sterling M4 liabilities to the private sector), amounts outstanding and growth", "url": "https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/boeapps/database/", "dataset_code": "Bank of England Database, series LPMAUYN (amounts outstanding) and LPMVQJW (12-month growth rate)", "series": [ "boe-lpmauyn-gb-m4", "boe-lpmvqjw-gb-m4-yoy" ], "licence": "OGL-UK-3.0: reproduction of data in the Bank of England Database is subject to the UK Open Government Licence v3.0, except selected exchange rate data reproduced under third-party licence (https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/legal).", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: Bank of England. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.", "cadence": "monthly", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "manual", "note": "LPMAUYN: monthly amounts outstanding, GBP millions, seasonally adjusted. LPMVQJW: 12-month growth rate in percent, seasonally adjusted, as published. The database's CSV download (_iadb-fromshowcolumns.asp, one row per date and series) is not SDMX, so the series are reviewed CSV uploads until an adapter exists." }, { "id": "src-boj-money-stock", "publisher": "Bank of Japan", "title": "Money stock, M2 and M3, average amounts outstanding", "url": "https://www.stat-search.boj.or.jp/", "dataset_code": "BOJ Time-Series Data Search, database MD02 (MAM1NAM2M2MO, MAM1NAM3M3MO)", "series": [ "boj-md02-jp-m2", "boj-md02-jp-m3" ], "licence": "Bank of Japan copyright terms (https://www.boj.or.jp/en/about/copyright.htm): information on the site may be copied or reproduced with the Bank of Japan credited as the source, except copying or reproduction for commercial purposes, which needs the Bank's prior permission (Public Relations Department). Whether the platform's use counts as commercial is TODO(to be provided by the client).", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "Source: Bank of Japan.", "cadence": "monthly", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "manual", "note": "Monthly averages of amounts outstanding in 100 million yen, not seasonally adjusted. The BOJ offers a JSON API (https://www.stat-search.boj.or.jp/api/v1/getDataCode?db=MD02&code=...), which is not SDMX, so the series are reviewed CSV uploads until an adapter exists. Not redistributable (no CSV export or embed) until permission for commercial reproduction is settled. Year-on-year growth is derived from the levels (own calculation)." }, { "id": "src-bundesbank-long-series", "publisher": "Deutsche Bundesbank", "title": "Long series of interest rates on savings deposits in Germany", "url": "https://statistiken.bundesbank.de/", "series": [ "bundesbank-savings-de-rate" ], "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "Source: Deutsche Bundesbank", "cadence": "monthly", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "sdmx", "note": "Licence not certain. The Bundesbank's conditions for the general use of its website allow saving, forwarding and reproducing its information for personal or professional use, provided it is not altered or distorted and cited as \"Source: Deutsche Bundesbank\" (https://www.bundesbank.de/en/homepage/user-information/conditions-for-the-general-use-of-the-website-764706). Whether that covers derived series and redistribution through exports and the API is to be confirmed with the Bundesbank; until then the series is shown on the site only. Used for the \"in a savings account\" path of the purchasing power calculator. The old time series database was replaced by the statistics portal on 30 June 2026; series codes are TODO(to be provided by the client)." }, { "id": "src-ca-emergency-economic-measures-order", "publisher": "Government of Canada, Department of Justice", "title": "Emergency Economic Measures Order (SOR/2022-22)", "url": "https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2022-22/FullText.html", "licence": "Reproduction of Federal Law Order (SI/97-5): anyone may reproduce federal enactments without charge or permission, provided due diligence ensures accuracy and the reproduction is not represented as an official version (https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SI-97-5/page-1.html).", "redistributable": true, "attribution": null, "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Registered 15 February 2022 under the Emergencies Act: banks, credit unions, insurers, trust and loan companies, securities dealers, crowdfunding platforms and payment service providers must cease dealing in property of designated persons, including making funds or virtual currency available. Cited by incidents/inc-2022-ca-emergencies-act.yaml." }, { "id": "src-ca-emergency-revocation-2022", "publisher": "Government of Canada, Department of Justice", "title": "Proclamation Revoking the Declaration of a Public Order Emergency (SOR/2022-26)", "url": "https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2022-26/FullText.html", "licence": "Reproduction of Federal Law Order (SI/97-5): anyone may reproduce federal enactments without charge or permission, provided due diligence ensures accuracy and the reproduction is not represented as an official version (https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SI-97-5/page-1.html).", "redistributable": true, "attribution": null, "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Registered 23 February 2022: revokes the declaration of a public order emergency of 14 February 2022, effective on the day the proclamation was issued. Cited by incidents/inc-2022-ca-emergencies-act.yaml." }, { "id": "src-ca-publicsafety-convoy-notes-2022", "publisher": "Public Safety Canada", "title": "Parliamentary committee notes: Study: Occupation of Ottawa and the Federal Government's Response to the Convoy Blockades (25 February 2022)", "url": "https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/trnsprnc/brfng-mtrls/prlmntry-bndrs/20221013/23-en.aspx", "licence": "Canada.ca terms (https://www.canada.ca/en/transparency/terms.html): non-commercial reproduction without charge, with title, author and source URL; commercial redistribution needs prior written permission.", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "States that financial institutions froze at least 257 accounts (bank and corporate accounts, credit cards) and that 170 bitcoin wallet addresses were disclosed. Cited by incidents/inc-2022-ca-emergencies-act.yaml." }, { "id": "src-cb-boe-digital-pound", "publisher": "Bank of England", "title": "The digital pound", "url": "https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/the-digital-pound", "licence": "©2026 Bank of England. Reuse terms not reviewed; TODO(to be provided by the client).", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "manual", "note": "Last updated 23 October 2025 (as shown on the page). \"We are now in a design phase which will look at the technology and policy requirements for a digital pound\"; \"We have not made a decision to introduce the digital pound\" (status `development`, retail). Interest: \"No – just as you would not earn interest on physical cash.\" Holding limit: \"We think we would need to set a limit for how much people could hold. [...] We have not yet decided what it would be\" (holding_limit `not_set`). Wallets \"would be designed by private companies, such as banks or payment firms\" (intermediated: yes). \"The Bank and the government would not collect any of your personal data and would not be able to see how you spent your digital pounds\" (privacy model `no_identity_at_central_bank`). Offline use is not stated." }, { "id": "src-cb-boj-cbdc-faqs", "publisher": "Bank of Jamaica", "title": "CBDC FAQs", "url": "https://boj.org.jm/core-functions/currency/cbdc/cbdc-faqs/", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client). The page states no licence or reuse terms.", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "manual", "note": "\"Just as is the case with cash in your wallet, you don't earn interest on CBDC in your CBDC wallet\" (interest_bearing: no). Wallets are issued by commercial banks, building societies, merchant banks and authorised payment service providers (intermediated: yes). \"Your Wallet Provider is the only entity that will have access to your information and be able to see your transactions\"; \"When conducting transactions using CBDC your identity is not recorded\" (privacy model `no_identity_at_central_bank`). Offline use and holding limits are not stated." }, { "id": "src-cb-boj-jam-dex-rollout-2022", "publisher": "Bank of Jamaica", "title": "JAM-DEX Phased Rollout Underway (11 May 2022)", "url": "https://boj.org.jm/jam-dex-phased-rollout-underway/", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client). The page states no licence or reuse terms.", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "manual", "note": "The Bank of Jamaica begins the phased rollout of JAM-DEX, Jamaica's central bank digital currency; \"National Commercial Bank (NCB) offers JAM-DEX through Lynk®, its digital wallet\". The CBDC tracker records JAM-DEX as `launched`, retail." }, { "id": "src-cb-cbb-sand-dollar-release-2020", "publisher": "Central Bank of The Bahamas", "title": "Public notice – The Sand Dollar is on Schedule for Gradual National Release to The Bahamas in mid-October 2020 (25 September 2020)", "url": "https://www.centralbankbahamas.com/news/public-notices/the-sand-dollar-is-on-schedule-for-gradual-national-release-to-the-bahamas-in-mid-october-2020", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client). The page states no licence or reuse terms.", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "manual", "note": "The national release begins on 20 October 2020 through authorised financial institutions, after pilots in Exuma and Abaco; wallets in tiers by customer due diligence; \"all transactions are linked to an anti-money laundering/counter financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) engine\". The CBDC tracker records the Sand Dollar as `launched`, retail, intermediated." }, { "id": "src-cb-cbb-sand-dollar-wallets", "publisher": "Central Bank of The Bahamas (SandDollar)", "title": "SandDollar – Individual", "url": "https://www.sanddollar.bs/individual", "licence": "Copyright © 2026 SandDollar. All Rights Reserved. No reuse terms found. TODO(to be provided by the client).", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "manual", "note": "Tier I: \"$500 eWallet holding limit, with a $1,500 monthly transaction limit\"; Tier II: \"$8,000 eWallet holding limit, with a $10,000 monthly transaction limit\". \"The Bank's supervised financial institutions are authorised SandDollar agents and can enrol customers through their tailored applications (digital wallets).\" The CBDC tracker records holding_limit `BSD 500/8000` (by wallet tier). Interest, offline use and the privacy model are not stated on the page." }, { "id": "src-cb-cbn-enaira", "publisher": "Central Bank of Nigeria", "title": "eNaira", "url": "https://www.cbn.gov.ng/Currency/enaira.html", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client). No licence or reuse terms found on the page.", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "manual", "note": "\"eNaira is a Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) backed by law, the full sovereignty of Nigeria and issued by the Central Bank of Nigeria as a legal tender\"; it \"is used just like cash\" and is held in an eNaira wallet. The CBDC tracker records it as `launched`, retail, checked 2026-10-02. The CBN's launch press release, the Regulatory Guidelines on the eNaira and the eNaira site (enaira.gov.ng) could not be retrieved on 2026-10-02 (HTTP 403 and a TLS error), so the launch date and the wallet properties stay NULL until one of them is reviewed." }, { "id": "src-cb-ecb-digital-euro", "publisher": "European Central Bank (ECB)", "title": "Digital euro", "url": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/euro/digital_euro/html/index.en.html", "licence": "© European Central Bank, 2026 (page footer). The ECB's general website terms (https://www.ecb.europa.eu/services/disclaimer/html/index.en.html) allow reuse with the ECB cited as the source; whether that covers the platform's use is TODO(to be provided by the client).", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "Source: European Central Bank, Digital euro.", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "manual", "note": "The page states that the project is in its preparation phase (\"In October 2025, the ECB's Governing Council decided that the Eurosystem will move to the next phase of the digital euro project\"), with a pilot planned for 2027 and the aim to \"be ready for a potential first issuance of the digital euro during 2029, assuming the necessary EU legislation is adopted in the course of 2026\". The CBDC tracker records the preparation phase as status `development` (no issuance, no pilot yet), retail. \"You could pay in digital euro either online or offline\" (offline: yes); \"stored in an account set up with your bank or with a public intermediary\" (intermediated: yes). The design properties are the published design, not a launched product." }, { "id": "src-cb-ecb-digital-euro-faq", "publisher": "European Central Bank (ECB)", "title": "Digital euro – frequently asked questions (key design features)", "url": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/euro/digital_euro/faqs/html/ecb.faq_digital_euro.en.html", "licence": "© European Central Bank, 2026 (page footer, linking the ECB's terms at https://www.ecb.europa.eu/services/disclaimer/html/index.en.html). Whether those terms cover the platform's use is TODO(to be provided by the client).", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "Source: European Central Bank, Digital euro FAQ.", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "manual", "note": "Updated 17 August 2026 (as shown on the page). Interest: \"As with cash in your wallet, no interest would be paid on digital euro holdings in your digital euro account.\" Offline: the digital euro \"would offer both online and offline functionalities\". Privacy: \"The Eurosystem would not be able to identify users making or receiving payments\"; offline, \"only the payer and the payee would know the personal transaction details\". Distribution: \"Supervised payment service providers (PSPs), such as euro area banks, would be responsible for distributing the digital euro.\" Holding limit: a limit per person is part of the design; the page cites an analysis of \"hypothetical holding limits of up to €3,000 per person\" and sets no amount, so the CBDC tracker records holding_limit `not_set`." }, { "id": "src-cb-fed-cbdc-discussion-paper-2022", "publisher": "Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System", "title": "Money and Payments: The U.S. Dollar in the Age of Digital Transformation (discussion paper, January 2022)", "url": "https://www.federalreserve.gov/central-bank-digital-currency.htm", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client). The page states no licence or reuse terms.", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "manual", "note": "The paper \"examines the pros and cons of a potential U.S. central bank digital currency\" and \"does not favor any policy outcome\"; a CBDC \"could provide a safe, digital payment option for households and businesses\" (retail). It decides no design property." }, { "id": "src-cb-fed-cbdc-statement-2023", "publisher": "Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System", "title": "FAQ: Is the FedNow Service replacing cash? Is it a central bank digital currency?", "url": "https://www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/is-fednow-replacing-cash-is-it-a-central-bank-digital-currency.htm", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client). The page states no licence or reuse terms.", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "manual", "note": "Last updated 12 July 2023 (as shown on the page): \"The Federal Reserve has made no decision on issuing a central bank digital currency (CBDC) and would only proceed with the issuance of a CBDC with an authorizing law.\" With the 2022 discussion paper (src-cb-fed-cbdc-discussion-paper-2022) the CBDC tracker records the United States as `research`, retail, dated 12 July 2023. Later measures outside the Federal Reserve (for example executive orders) are not central bank publications and are not recorded here." }, { "id": "src-cb-pboc-ecny-white-paper-2021", "publisher": "People's Bank of China (Working Group on E-CNY Research and Development)", "title": "中国数字人民币的研发进展 白皮书 (Progress of Research & Development of E-CNY in China, July 2021)", "url": "https://www.pbc.gov.cn/goutongjiaoliu/113456/113469/4293590/2021071614200022055.pdf", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client). The PDF states no licence or reuse terms.", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "manual", "note": "Published 16 July 2021 (Chinese original; quotes translated here). Status: the PBoC \"is conducting pilot tests of the e-CNY\" in selected regions (正在开展数字人民币试点测试); retail: \"the e-CNY is a retail central bank digital currency, mainly used to meet domestic retail payment needs\" (数字人民币是一种零售型央行数字货币). Offline: it \"supports offline transactions\" (支持离线交易). Privacy: \"managed anonymity\" (可控匿名), \"anonymous for small amounts, traceable in accordance with the law for large amounts\" (小额匿名、大额依法可溯). Distribution: a two-tier system in which the PBoC issues to designated operators (指定运营机构), which serve the public. Holding limits: wallets are graded by the strength of customer identification, each grade with its own per-transaction, daily and balance limits (余额限额); the paper states no amounts, so the CBDC tracker records holding_limit `tiered`. Interest: the 2021 paper states that the e-CNY pays no interest (不计付利息); reports by third parties describe a change from 1 January 2026 that no PBoC publication retrieved on 2026-10-02 confirms, so interest_bearing stays NULL until a PBoC source is reviewed. The status is dated to the paper (16 July 2021); a newer PBoC statement of status was not found." }, { "id": "src-cb-rbi-erupee-retail-pilot-2022", "publisher": "Reserve Bank of India", "title": "Press release: Operationalisation of Central Bank Digital Currency – Retail (e₹-R) Pilot (29 November 2022)", "url": "https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=54773", "licence": "© Reserve Bank of India. All Rights Reserved. The RBI disclaimer (https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/Disclaimer.aspx) asks for permission before hyper-linking to inner pages.", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "manual", "note": "The first retail pilot from 1 December 2022 in a closed user group of customers and merchants. \"It would be distributed through intermediaries, i.e., banks\" (intermediated: yes); \"As in the case of cash, it will not earn any interest\" (interest_bearing: no). The release does not describe offline use, a holding limit or privacy. LEGAL_REVIEW(source-linking): the RBI disclaimer asks for permission before deep links." }, { "id": "src-cb-rbi-erupee-wholesale-pilot-2022", "publisher": "Reserve Bank of India", "title": "Press release: Operationalisation of Central Bank Digital Currency – Wholesale (e₹-W) Pilot (31 October 2022)", "url": "https://www.rbi.org.in/SCRIPTs/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=54616", "licence": "© Reserve Bank of India. All Rights Reserved. The RBI disclaimer (https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/Disclaimer.aspx) asks for permission before hyper-linking to inner pages.", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "manual", "note": "The wholesale pilot starts on 1 November 2022 for the settlement of secondary market transactions in government securities, with nine participating banks. With the retail pilot (src-cb-rbi-erupee-retail-pilot-2022) the CBDC tracker records India as `pilot`, `both`. LEGAL_REVIEW(source-linking): the RBI disclaimer asks for permission before deep links." }, { "id": "src-cb-riksbank-e-krona", "publisher": "Sveriges Riksbank", "title": "The e-krona – state money in digital form", "url": "https://www.riksbank.se/en-gb/payments--cash/e-krona/", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client). The page states no licence or reuse terms.", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "manual", "note": "Updated 29 June 2026 (as shown on the page). \"The Riksbank is investigating a digital complement to cash, known as the e-krona. [...] The technical e-krona project was finalised in 2023\"; the technical pilot \"was completed in 2023\". \"Whether or not to introduce an e-krona in Sweden is ultimately a political decision\"; in the Payments Report 2026 (12 March 2026) the Riksbank proposed an inquiry into the legislative amendments \"if the Riksdag (the Swedish parliament) decides that the Riksbank should be allowed to issue one\". An e-krona \"could give the public a continued opportunity to choose between state and private money when making payments\" (retail). The CBDC tracker records status `research`; no design properties are decided." }, { "id": "src-cb-snb-helvetia-2025", "publisher": "Swiss National Bank", "title": "Press release: Swiss National Bank extends and expands Project Helvetia (30 June 2025)", "url": "https://www.snb.ch/en/publications/communication/press-releases/2025/pre_20250630", "licence": "© Swiss National Bank, Zurich (Switzerland) 2026. Reuse terms not reviewed; TODO(to be provided by the client).", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "manual", "note": "The SNB has provided central bank digital currency for financial institutions (wholesale CBDC) on the SIX Digital Exchange platform since the end of 2023 and continues the pilot \"until at least mid-2027\". The CBDC tracker records Helvetia as `pilot`, wholesale; the retail properties do not apply and stay NULL." }, { "id": "src-cftc-ftx-charges-2022", "publisher": "U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission", "title": "Release 8638-22: CFTC Charges Sam Bankman-Fried, FTX Trading and Alameda with Fraud and Material Misrepresentations (13 December 2022)", "url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/8638-22", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "The complaint alleges the loss of over USD 8 billion in FTX customer deposits (an allegation, not a finding). Cited by incidents/inc-2022-xx-ftx.yaml." }, { "id": "src-circle-tornado-cash-statement-2022", "publisher": "Circle Internet Financial", "title": "Blog: Uncharted | The Responsibility of Trust (August 2022)", "url": "https://www.circle.com/blog/the-responsibility-of-trust", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "The issuer's statement: Centre, the consortium behind USDC, followed the U.S. Treasury sanctions against Tornado Cash and blocked the related addresses; Circle blocked the addresses on its platform. No frozen amount is stated. Cited by incidents/inc-2022-xx-usdc-tornado-cash.yaml." }, { "id": "src-cy-mof-pdmo-newsletter-2015-04", "publisher": "Republic of Cyprus, Ministry of Finance, Public Debt Management Office", "title": "Newsletter no. 8/2015 (April 2015)", "url": "https://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/pdmo/pdmo.nsf/All/1552209D81659D7FC2258345003BB051/$file/201504%20CY%20Newsletter.pdf", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "States that the restrictive measures on financial transactions were abolished on 5 April 2015 (inclusive), when the 35th and 28th restrictive-measures decrees of the Minister of Finance ended. Cited by incidents/inc-2013-cy-bail-in.yaml." }, { "id": "src-destatis-cpi", "publisher": "Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis)", "title": "Consumer price index for Germany, monthly", "url": "https://genesis.destatis.de/datenbank/online/statistic/61111/table/61111-0002", "dataset_code": "GENESIS 61111-0002", "series": [ "destatis-cpi-de-index", "destatis-cpi-de-yoy" ], "licence": "dl-de/by-2-0 (Datenlizenz Deutschland – Namensnennung – Version 2.0)", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Data source: Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis), Genesis-Online; Data licence by-2-0 (https://www.govdata.de/dl-de/by-2-0); own calculation.", "cadence": "monthly", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "genesis", "note": "Destatis asks for \"own calculation / own representation\" in the source note when data are recalculated, and for the link to the licence text in electronic publications." }, { "id": "src-destatis-cpi-long-series", "publisher": "Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis)", "title": "Consumer price index for Germany, long series from 1948 (DM era)", "url": "https://www.destatis.de/EN/Themes/Economy/Prices/Consumer-Price-Index/_node.html", "series": [ "destatis-cpi-de-long" ], "licence": "Destatis copyright terms for destatis.de: reproduction and distribution, also for commercial purposes, permitted provided the source is mentioned; altered or recalculated data must be marked as such (https://www.destatis.de/EN/Service/Legal-Notice/CopyrightGeneral.html).", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: Consumer price index for Germany, long series, Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis), as publisher and data owner; own calculation.", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "manual", "note": "Reviewed CSV upload of the long series (former territory of the Federal Republic before 1991, chained to the all-Germany index), used by the purchasing power calculator with the fixed rate of 1.95583 DEM per EUR. The exact publication and table to be used, and the chaining rule, are TODO(to be provided by the client). Re-upload on each rebasing of the index." }, { "id": "src-eba-travel-rule-guidelines", "publisher": "European Banking Authority (EBA)", "title": "Guidelines on information requirements in relation to transfers of funds and certain crypto-assets transfers under Regulation (EU) 2023/1113 (Travel rule Guidelines, EBA/GL/2024/11)", "url": "https://www.eba.europa.eu/activities/single-rulebook/regulatory-activities/anti-money-laundering-and-countering-financing-terrorism/guidelines-information-requirements-relation-transfers-funds-and-certain-crypto-assets-transfers", "dataset_code": "EBA/GL/2024/11", "licence": "EBA legal notice (https://www.eba.europa.eu/legal-notice): \"Reproduction of all EBA material on this site is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged, save where otherwise stated.\" The copyright does not extend to publicly available legislative texts or third-party material.", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: European Banking Authority, Travel rule Guidelines (EBA/GL/2024/11).", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "manual", "note": "The EBA page lists status \"Applicable\", application date 30/12/2024 and compliance deadline 27/11/2024. The guidelines PDF itself was not read; the dossier cites the page only. LEGAL_REVIEW(dossier-travel-rule)." }, { "id": "src-eba-travel-rule-press-2024-07-04", "publisher": "European Banking Authority (EBA)", "title": "Press release: The EBA issues 'travel rule' guidance to tackle money laundering and terrorist financing in transfers of funds and crypto assets (4 July 2024)", "url": "https://www.eba.europa.eu/publications-and-media/press-releases/eba-issues-travel-rule-guidance-tackle-money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing-transfers-funds-and", "licence": "EBA legal notice (https://www.eba.europa.eu/legal-notice): \"Reproduction of all EBA material on this site is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged, save where otherwise stated.\" The copyright does not extend to publicly available legislative texts or third-party material.", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: European Banking Authority, press release of 4 July 2024.", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "manual", "note": "States what the travel rule guidelines specify, their application from 30 December 2024 and the legal basis (Article 36 of Regulation (EU) 2023/1113 and Article 19a(2) of Directive (EU) 2015/849). LEGAL_REVIEW(dossier-travel-rule)." }, { "id": "src-ec-digital-euro-proposal-2023", "publisher": "European Commission", "title": "Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the establishment of the digital euro, COM(2023) 369 final, 28 June 2023", "url": "https://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/6f2f669f-1686-11ee-806b-01aa75ed71a1.0001.03/DOC_1", "dataset_code": "COM(2023) 369 final; procedure 2023/0212(COD); CELEX 52023PC0369", "licence": "© European Union. The Commission legal notice (https://commission.europa.eu/legal-notice_en) bases the Commission's reuse policy on the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 on the reuse of Commission documents and licenses EU-owned content on that website under CC BY 4.0 unless otherwise specified. This copy comes from the Publications Office CELLAR, whose reuse conditions are referred to op-copyright@publications.europa.eu; whether the notice covers it is TODO(to be provided by the client).", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "Source: European Commission, COM(2023) 369 final. © European Union, 2023.", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "manual", "note": "Proposal text as tabled by the Commission (English). Cited by the digital euro dossier for Article 4 (issuance), Article 7 (legal tender status), Articles 15 and 16 (limits to the use as a store of value, holding limits, no interest). The proposal is not adopted law; the text may change in the legislative procedure. LEGAL_REVIEW(dossier-digital-euro)." }, { "id": "src-ec-greece-enhanced-surveillance-2019-11", "publisher": "European Commission, Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs", "title": "Enhanced Surveillance Report: Greece, November 2019 (Institutional Paper 116)", "url": "https://economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/document/download/239e3cec-3bd9-46ab-87b0-42fd46d2d392_en?filename=ip116_en.pdf", "licence": "© European Union, 2019. Reuse is authorised provided the source is acknowledged (Commission Decision 2011/833/EU).", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: European Commission. © European Union, 2019.", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "States the complete lifting of capital controls as of 1 September 2019. Cited by incidents/inc-2015-gr-capital-controls.yaml." }, { "id": "src-ecb-cash-space-2024", "publisher": "European Central Bank (ECB)", "title": "Study on the payment attitudes of consumers in the euro area (SPACE) – 2024", "url": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/ecb_surveys/space/html/ecb.space2024~19d46f0f17.en.html", "dataset_code": "SPACE 2024, section 2.2 (POS transactions), Chart 5; doi:10.2866/9860161", "licence": "© European Central Bank, 2024. All rights reserved. Reproduction for educational and non-commercial purposes is permitted provided that the source is acknowledged (imprint of the PDF edition, doi:10.2866/2856633). The ECB's general website terms (https://www.ecb.europa.eu/services/disclaimer/html/index.en.html) allow reuse with the ECB cited as the source. Whether the platform's use is non-commercial is TODO(to be provided by the client).", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "Source: European Central Bank, SPACE 2024.", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "manual", "note": "Published December 2024 (fieldwork September 2023 to June 2024). The cash index uses the share of cash in the number of point-of-sale payments only where the study text states the country figure: \"The share of cash payments varied between 22% in the Netherlands and 27% in Finland to 64% in Slovenia and 67% in Malta\" and 52% for the euro area as a whole. The other countries' figures are only drawn in Chart 5 (no numbers in the text) and stay not yet sourced. The study notes that the German and Dutch figures come from national surveys with a slightly different questionnaire. Not redistributable until the non-commercial condition is cleared." }, { "id": "src-ecb-cyprus-2013-03-25", "publisher": "European Central Bank", "title": "Press release: ECB's reaction to the Cyprus adjustment programme (25 March 2013)", "url": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/pr/date/2013/html/pr130325.en.html", "licence": "ECB copyright; reuse free of charge under the ECB website's copyright terms: information must be reproduced accurately, the ECB cited as the source, and modifications disclosed (https://www.ecb.europa.eu/services/using-our-site/disclaimer/html/index.en.html).", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: European Central Bank (ECB).", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Acknowledges the agreement of the Eurogroup with the Cypriot authorities of 25 March 2013. Cited by incidents/inc-2013-cy-bail-in.yaml." }, { "id": "src-ecb-digital-euro-next-phase-2025", "publisher": "European Central Bank (ECB)", "title": "Press release: Eurosystem moving to next phase of digital euro project (30 October 2025)", "url": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/pr/date/2025/html/ecb.pr251030~8c5b5beef0.en.html", "licence": "ECB copyright; reuse free of charge under the ECB website terms (https://www.ecb.europa.eu/services/disclaimer/html/index.en.html): information must be reproduced accurately, the ECB cited as the source, modifications stated explicitly, and buyers of paid documents told that the information is available free of charge on the ECB website.", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: European Central Bank (ECB).", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "manual", "note": "Governing Council decision to move to the next phase; conditional timeline (legislation in the course of 2026, pilot as of mid-2027, readiness for a potential first issuance during 2029); final issuance decision only after the legislation is adopted. LEGAL_REVIEW(dossier-digital-euro)." }, { "id": "src-ecb-digital-euro-pilot", "publisher": "European Central Bank (ECB)", "title": "Digital euro pilot", "url": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/euro/digital_euro/pilot/html/index.en.html", "licence": "ECB copyright; reuse free of charge under the ECB website terms (https://www.ecb.europa.eu/services/disclaimer/html/index.en.html): information must be reproduced accurately, the ECB cited as the source, modifications stated explicitly, and buyers of paid documents told that the information is available free of charge on the ECB website.", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: European Central Bank (ECB).", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "manual", "note": "Pilot planned to start in the second half of 2027 and run for 12 months, with 36 selected payment service providers; issuance readiness during 2029 assuming the Regulation is adopted in 2026. The page is updated without a version date; record the retrieval date when citing it. LEGAL_REVIEW(dossier-digital-euro)." }, { "id": "src-ecb-digital-euro-preparation", "publisher": "European Central Bank (ECB)", "title": "Press release: Eurosystem proceeds to next phase of digital euro project (18 October 2023)", "url": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/pr/date/2023/html/ecb.pr231018~111a014ae7.en.html", "licence": "ECB copyright; reuse free of charge under the ECB website terms (https://www.ecb.europa.eu/services/disclaimer/html/index.en.html): information must be reproduced accurately, the ECB cited as the source, modifications stated explicitly, and buyers of paid documents told that the information is available free of charge on the ECB website.", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: European Central Bank (ECB).", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "manual", "note": "Governing Council decision of 18 October 2023 to move to the preparation phase, starting 1 November 2023 for an initial two years; states that this is not a decision on issuance. LEGAL_REVIEW(dossier-digital-euro)." }, { "id": "src-ecb-digital-euro-progress", "publisher": "European Central Bank (ECB)", "title": "Progress on the digital euro", "url": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/euro/digital_euro/progress/html/index.en.html", "licence": "ECB copyright; reuse free of charge under the ECB website terms (https://www.ecb.europa.eu/services/disclaimer/html/index.en.html): information must be reproduced accurately, the ECB cited as the source, modifications stated explicitly, and buyers of paid documents told that the information is available free of charge on the ECB website.", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: European Central Bank (ECB).", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "manual", "note": "Project history page: investigation phase October 2021 to October 2023, preparation phase November 2023 to October 2025, the October 2025 decision and the list of progress reports. The page is updated without a version date; record the retrieval date when citing it. LEGAL_REVIEW(dossier-digital-euro)." }, { "id": "src-ecb-euro-reference-rates", "publisher": "European Central Bank", "title": "Euro foreign exchange reference rates", "url": "https://data.ecb.europa.eu/data/datasets/EXR", "dataset_code": "EXR (daily series EXR.D..EUR.SP00.A)", "series": [ "ecb-exr-usd-eur", "ecb-exr-chf-eur", "ecb-exr-gbp-eur", "ecb-exr-jpy-eur" ], "licence": "ECB copyright; reuse free of charge under the ECB website's copyright terms: information must be reproduced accurately, the ECB cited as the source, and modifications disclosed (https://www.ecb.europa.eu/services/using-our-site/disclaimer/html/index.en.html).", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: European Central Bank (ECB).", "cadence": "daily", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "sdmx", "note": "Published every working day at around 16:00 CET. The denominator switch uses the same-day rate; days without a rate use the last available business day." }, { "id": "src-ecb-eurosystem-balance-sheet", "publisher": "European Central Bank", "title": "Internal liquidity management (ILM), Eurosystem total assets, weekly", "url": "https://data.ecb.europa.eu/data/datasets/ILM", "dataset_code": "ILM (ILM.W.U2.C.T000000.Z5.Z01)", "series": [ "ecb-ilm-ea-total-assets" ], "licence": "ECB copyright; reuse free of charge under the ECB website's copyright terms: information must be reproduced accurately, the ECB cited as the source, and modifications (e.g. calculation of growth rates) stated explicitly (https://www.ecb.europa.eu/services/using-our-site/disclaimer/html/index.en.html).", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: European Central Bank (ECB).", "cadence": "weekly", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "sdmx", "note": "Total assets/liabilities of the Eurosystem from the weekly financial statement, EUR millions (UNIT EUR, UNIT_MULT 6), one value per reporting week (ISO week). The Money Clock extrapolates the latest year-on-year change (an own calculation, stated on the page)." }, { "id": "src-ecb-greece-ela-2015-06-28", "publisher": "European Central Bank", "title": "Press release: ELA to Greek banks maintained at its current level (28 June 2015)", "url": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/pr/date/2015/html/pr150628.en.html", "licence": "ECB copyright; reuse free of charge under the ECB website's copyright terms: information must be reproduced accurately, the ECB cited as the source, and modifications disclosed (https://www.ecb.europa.eu/services/using-our-site/disclaimer/html/index.en.html).", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: European Central Bank (ECB).", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Emergency liquidity assistance to Greek banks kept at the level of 26 June 2015. Cited by incidents/inc-2015-gr-capital-controls.yaml." }, { "id": "src-ecb-hicp", "publisher": "European Central Bank", "title": "Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP), euro area, overall index", "url": "https://data.ecb.europa.eu/data/datasets/ICP", "dataset_code": "ICP (ICP.M.U2.N.000000.4.ANR, ICP.M.U2.N.000000.4.INX)", "series": [ "ecb-hicp-ea-yoy", "ecb-hicp-ea-index" ], "licence": "ECB copyright; reuse free of charge under the ECB website's copyright terms: information must be reproduced accurately, the ECB cited as the source, and modifications disclosed (https://www.ecb.europa.eu/services/using-our-site/disclaimer/html/index.en.html).", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: European Central Bank (ECB); HICP compiled by Eurostat.", "cadence": "monthly", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "sdmx", "note": "Chosen over the Eurostat dataset (prc_hicp) so that all euro-area series come through one adapter; the figures are Eurostat's HICP as disseminated by the ECB." }, { "id": "src-ecb-key-interest-rates", "publisher": "European Central Bank", "title": "ECB key interest rates", "url": "https://data.ecb.europa.eu/data/datasets/FM", "dataset_code": "FM (FM.D.U2.EUR.4F.KR.MRR_FR.LEV, FM.D.U2.EUR.4F.KR.DFR.LEV)", "series": [ "ecb-fm-mrr", "ecb-fm-dfr" ], "licence": "ECB copyright; reuse free of charge under the ECB website's copyright terms: information must be reproduced accurately, the ECB cited as the source, and modifications disclosed (https://www.ecb.europa.eu/services/using-our-site/disclaimer/html/index.en.html).", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: European Central Bank (ECB).", "cadence": "daily", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "sdmx", "note": "Main refinancing operations fixed rate and deposit facility rate. The levels change on Governing Council decisions; the daily series repeats the level in force." }, { "id": "src-ecb-monetary-aggregates", "publisher": "European Central Bank", "title": "Monetary aggregates M1, M2 and M3, euro area (balance sheet items statistics)", "url": "https://data.ecb.europa.eu/data/datasets/BSI", "dataset_code": "BSI (stocks BSI.M.U2.Y.V.M10|M20|M30.X.1.U2.2300.Z01.E, annual growth rates BSI.M.U2.Y.V.M10|M20|M30.X.I.U2.2300.Z01.A)", "series": [ "ecb-bsi-ea-m1-level", "ecb-bsi-ea-m2-level", "ecb-bsi-ea-m3-level", "ecb-bsi-ea-m1-yoy", "ecb-bsi-ea-m2-yoy", "ecb-bsi-ea-m3-yoy" ], "licence": "ECB copyright; reuse free of charge under the ECB website's copyright terms: information must be reproduced accurately, the ECB cited as the source, and modifications (e.g. calculation of growth rates) stated explicitly (https://www.ecb.europa.eu/services/using-our-site/disclaimer/html/index.en.html).", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: European Central Bank (ECB).", "cadence": "monthly", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "sdmx", "note": "Euro area (changing composition), working day and seasonally adjusted. Stocks are end-of-month outstanding amounts in EUR millions (UNIT EUR, UNIT_MULT 6); the growth rates are the ECB's own annual growth rates computed from the index of notional stocks (they adjust for reclassifications and other non-transaction changes, so they differ from the change in stocks). The money supply monitor shows the ECB's growth rates as published. Published around four weeks after the end of the month." }, { "id": "src-electrum-malware", "publisher": "Electrum", "title": "Malware (and other avenues of losing money)", "url": "https://electrum.readthedocs.io/en/latest/malware.html", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "Source: Electrum documentation, \"Malware (and other avenues of losing money)\".", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "A wallet maker on how keys are stolen. Cited by explainer/private-key-and-address as the maker's own statement; its absolute claims (e.g. \"Paper cannot be hacked.\") are not adopted as fact." }, { "id": "src-esm-cyprus-faq-2013", "publisher": "European Stability Mechanism (ESM)", "title": "FAQ: Financial assistance for Cyprus (archived, not updated since September 2013)", "url": "https://www.esm.europa.eu/sites/default/files/faq_cyprus_18092013_archived.pdf", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Bank of Cyprus: conversion of 47.5% of uninsured deposits (over EUR 100,000) into equity; Laiki: deposits under EUR 100,000 fully protected, uninsured deposits kept in Legacy Laiki; restrictive measures on cheques, cross-border and large domestic transfers, cash withdrawal and export, and account opening; no restrictions on payment card transactions or incoming payments from abroad. Licence not found (the legal notice pages could not be retrieved). Cited by incidents/inc-2013-cy-bail-in.yaml." }, { "id": "src-esma-mica-register", "publisher": "European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA)", "title": "Interim MiCA register", "url": "https://www.esma.europa.eu/esmas-activities/digital-finance-and-innovation/markets-crypto-assets-regulation-mica", "dataset_code": "Interim register CSV files: white papers, ART issuers, EMT issuers, authorised CASPs, non-compliant entities", "licence": "ESMA legal notice (https://www.esma.europa.eu/legal-notice): reproduction authorised provided the source is acknowledged, buyers of documents that include the material are told it is free from ESMA, transformed or republished data are marked as such, and the use does not imply ESMA endorsement.", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: ESMA, interim MiCA register.", "cadence": "weekly", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "esma-mica-register", "note": "ESMA publishes the interim register as CSV files, updated weekly, until it is integrated into ESMA's IT systems; the adapter tolerates format changes. Regulatory status in ratings cites the register entry with its retrieval date." }, { "id": "src-ethereum-org-accounts", "publisher": "ethereum.org", "title": "Ethereum accounts", "url": "https://ethereum.org/developers/docs/accounts/", "licence": "No reuse statement found in the retrieved text", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "Source: ethereum.org, \"Ethereum accounts\".", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Cited by explainer/wallet-holds-keys-not-coins." }, { "id": "src-ethereum-org-wallets", "publisher": "ethereum.org", "title": "Ethereum wallets", "url": "https://ethereum.org/wallets/", "licence": "No reuse statement found in the retrieved text", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "Source: ethereum.org, \"Ethereum wallets\".", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Cited by explainer/wallet-holds-keys-not-coins." }, { "id": "src-eurlex-amlr-2024-1624", "publisher": "Publications Office of the European Union (EUR-Lex, Official Journal of the European Union)", "title": "Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 May 2024 on the prevention of the use of the financial system for the purposes of money laundering or terrorist financing (AMLR)", "url": "https://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/868bf3cf-2dd4-11ef-a61b-01aa75ed71a1.0006.03/DOC_1", "dataset_code": "CELEX 32024R1624; OJ L series, 19.6.2024; ELI http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1624/oj", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client). The EUR-Lex legal notice (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/content/legal-notice/legal-notice.html) could not be retrieved on 2026-10-02 (EUR-Lex returned an empty bot-check response). The Publications Office copyright page (https://op.europa.eu/en/web/about-us/legal-notices/publications-office-of-the-european-union-copyright) refers reuse of CELLAR content to op-copyright@publications.europa.eu.", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "Source: Regulation (EU) 2024/1624, Official Journal of the European Union, L series, 19.6.2024.", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "manual", "note": "English text of the Official Journal version, retrieved from the Publications Office CELLAR (the EUR-Lex HTML and ELI pages did not load). Cited by the EU cash payment cap dossier for Article 80 (limit of EUR 10 000 on cash payments by persons trading in goods or providing services; lower national limits), Article 19 (customer due diligence thresholds), Article 79 (anonymous crypto-asset accounts) and Article 90 (application from 10 July 2027). Amendments after publication are not covered. LEGAL_REVIEW(dossier-eu-cash-cap)." }, { "id": "src-eurlex-mica-2023-1114", "publisher": "Publications Office of the European Union (EUR-Lex, Official Journal of the European Union)", "title": "Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 May 2023 on markets in crypto-assets (MiCA)", "url": "https://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/01d55833-0660-11ee-b12e-01aa75ed71a1.0006.03/DOC_1", "dataset_code": "CELEX 32023R1114; OJ L 150, 9.6.2023, p. 40", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client). The EUR-Lex legal notice (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/content/legal-notice/legal-notice.html) could not be retrieved on 2026-10-02 (EUR-Lex returned an empty bot-check response). The Publications Office copyright page (https://op.europa.eu/en/web/about-us/legal-notices/publications-office-of-the-european-union-copyright) refers reuse of CELLAR content to op-copyright@publications.europa.eu.", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "Source: Regulation (EU) 2023/1114, Official Journal of the European Union, L 150, 9.6.2023.", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "manual", "note": "English text of the Official Journal version, retrieved from the Publications Office CELLAR (the EUR-Lex HTML and ELI pages did not load). Cited by the MiCA dossier for Article 143 (transitional measures), Article 109 (ESMA register) and Article 149 (entry into force and application). Amendments and corrigenda after publication are not covered; check the consolidated version on the next review. LEGAL_REVIEW(dossier-mica)." }, { "id": "src-eurlex-tfr-2023-1113", "publisher": "Publications Office of the European Union (EUR-Lex, Official Journal of the European Union)", "title": "Regulation (EU) 2023/1113 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 May 2023 on information accompanying transfers of funds and certain crypto-assets (recast)", "url": "https://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/48eca7a6-0660-11ee-b12e-01aa75ed71a1.0006.03/DOC_1", "dataset_code": "CELEX 32023R1113; OJ L 150, 9.6.2023, p. 1", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client). The EUR-Lex legal notice (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/content/legal-notice/legal-notice.html) could not be retrieved on 2026-10-02 (EUR-Lex returned an empty bot-check response). The Publications Office copyright page (https://op.europa.eu/en/web/about-us/legal-notices/publications-office-of-the-european-union-copyright) refers reuse of CELLAR content to op-copyright@publications.europa.eu.", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "Source: Regulation (EU) 2023/1113, Official Journal of the European Union, L 150, 9.6.2023.", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "manual", "note": "English text of the Official Journal version, retrieved from the Publications Office CELLAR (the EUR-Lex HTML and ELI pages did not load). Cited by the Travel Rule dossier for Article 14 (information accompanying transfers of crypto-assets), recital 30 (no amount threshold for crypto-asset transfers) and Article 40 (entry into force, application from 30 December 2024). Amendments after publication are not covered. LEGAL_REVIEW(dossier-travel-rule)." }, { "id": "src-europarl-greece-programme-2017", "publisher": "European Parliament, Economic Governance Support Unit (EGOV)", "title": "In-depth analysis: Greece's financial assistance programme (March 2017)", "url": "https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2016/574416/IPOL_IDA(2016)574416_EN.pdf", "licence": "© European Union, 2017. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice and sent a copy (document disclaimer).", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "Source: European Parliament, EGOV. © European Union, 2017.", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Box 5 (capital controls): banks closed from 29 June to 20 July 2015; withdrawals limited to EUR 60 per bank card per day; transfers to foreign banks needed prior approval; no limit on domestic card transactions or on withdrawals with cards issued outside Greece; from 20 July 2015 up to EUR 420 per week. Cited by incidents/inc-2015-gr-capital-controls.yaml." }, { "id": "src-eurostat-government-debt", "publisher": "Eurostat", "title": "Quarterly government debt (general government gross debt)", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10q_ggdebt/default/table", "dataset_code": "gov_10q_ggdebt (Q.GD.S13.MIO_EUR.EA21, Q.GD.S13.MIO_EUR.DE)", "series": [ "eurostat-ggdebt-ea-level", "eurostat-ggdebt-de-level" ], "licence": "Eurostat copyright notice: \"Reuse of statistical data, metadata, publications, and other dissemination tools published on this website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.\" Modifications must be stated; the exception for data of non-EU countries does not apply to the euro area and Germany (https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/help/copyright-notice).", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: Eurostat.", "cadence": "quarterly", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "sdmx", "note": "General government (S13) gross debt at nominal value (Maastricht debt, GD), end of quarter, in EUR millions, not seasonally adjusted; published about four months after the quarter, recent quarters flagged provisional (p). EA21 is the euro area in its 2026 composition; the API refuses the changing-composition code for this flow, so a new member state needs a new key. The Money Clock extrapolates the latest year-on-year change (an own calculation, stated on the page). Chosen over the Bundesbank for Germany so that both counters share one definition and licence." }, { "id": "src-eurostat-government-interest", "publisher": "Eurostat", "title": "Government revenue, expenditure and main aggregates (interest payable, D.41)", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10a_main/default/table", "dataset_code": "gov_10a_main (A.MIO_EUR.S13.D41PAY.EA21, A.MIO_EUR.S13.D41PAY.DE)", "series": [ "eurostat-d41pay-ea-annual", "eurostat-d41pay-de-annual" ], "licence": "Eurostat copyright notice: \"Reuse of statistical data, metadata, publications, and other dissemination tools published on this website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.\" Modifications must be stated; the exception for data of non-EU countries does not apply to the euro area and Germany (https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/help/copyright-notice).", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: Eurostat.", "cadence": "annually", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "sdmx", "note": "General government (S13) interest payable (ESA 2010 D.41, uses), per calendar year, in EUR millions; published in April and October with the EDP notifications. The Money Clock divides the latest year by its seconds to show the interest burden per second (an own calculation, stated on the page). A quarterly series exists (gov_10q_ggnfa) but is not seasonally adjusted." }, { "id": "src-eurostat-hicp", "publisher": "Eurostat", "title": "HICP, monthly index and annual rate (all items), euro area and Germany", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/prc_hicp_minr/default/table", "dataset_code": "prc_hicp_minr (M.I25.TOTAL.EA, M.I25.TOTAL.DE, M.RCH_A.TOTAL.EA)", "series": [ "eurostat-hicp-ea-index", "eurostat-hicp-ea-yoy", "eurostat-hicp-de-index" ], "licence": "Eurostat copyright notice: \"Reuse of statistical data, metadata, publications, and other dissemination tools published on this website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.\" Modifications must be stated (https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/help/copyright-notice).", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: Eurostat.", "cadence": "monthly", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "sdmx", "note": "Index 2025=100 (unit I25) and the annual rate of change (unit RCH_A, euro area), all items (TOTAL, ECOICOP version 2), monthly, back to 1996; the latest month may be the flash estimate (flag e), replaced by the final figure in the next release. EA is the euro area in its changing composition. Used by the Money Clock for the euro's purchasing-power loss since 2002 (own calculation from the 2002 annual average, stated on the page), by the birth-year calculator (index) and by the real-rate indicator (annual rate). The ECB's ICP dataset, used for the ecb-hicp-* series, ends with December 2025 since the methodological change of February 2026 (checked on the ECB Data Portal on 2026-10-02)." }, { "id": "src-fca-investsmart-crypto-basics", "publisher": "Financial Conduct Authority", "title": "Crypto: The basics", "url": "https://www.fca.org.uk/investsmart/crypto-basics", "licence": "No reuse statement found in the retrieved text", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "Source: Financial Conduct Authority, \"Crypto: The basics\".", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "UK supervisor's consumer page; cite attributed. Excerpts name firms and amounts; the brief excludes amounts and brands from the piece. Cited by explainer/wallet-holds-keys-not-coins." }, { "id": "src-fca-investsmart-investing-crypto", "publisher": "Financial Conduct Authority", "title": "Investing in crypto", "url": "https://www.fca.org.uk/investsmart/investing-crypto", "licence": "No reuse statement found in the retrieved text", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "Source: Financial Conduct Authority, \"Investing in crypto\".", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "UK supervisor's consumer page; cite attributed. Excerpts name firms and amounts; the brief excludes amounts and brands from the piece. UK-specific regulatory statements are not to be stated as law in this piece. Cited by explainer/wallet-holds-keys-not-coins." }, { "id": "src-fiscaldata-debt-to-the-penny", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, Bureau of the Fiscal Service", "title": "Debt to the Penny", "url": "https://fiscaldata.treasury.gov/datasets/debt-to-the-penny/", "dataset_code": "v2/accounting/od/debt_to_penny", "series": [ "fiscaldata-debt-us-total" ], "licence": "Open use as published by Fiscal Data: \"The data on this site is available to copy, adapt, redistribute, or otherwise use for non-commercial and commercial purposes.\" (https://fiscaldata.treasury.gov/about-us/)", "redistributable": true, "attribution": null, "cadence": "daily", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "fiscaldata", "note": "Updated at the end of each business day with the previous business day's data. No attribution is required; chart footers name the source anyway." }, { "id": "src-fred-fed-balance-sheet", "publisher": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (FRED); original source Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (US)", "title": "Assets: Total Assets: Total Assets (Less Eliminations from Consolidation): Wednesday Level", "url": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/WALCL", "dataset_code": "WALCL", "series": [ "fred-walcl-us-level" ], "licence": "Public domain (FRED copyright label: \"Public Domain: Citation Requested\")", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (US), Assets: Total Assets: Total Assets (Less Eliminations from Consolidation): Wednesday Level [WALCL], retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis; https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/WALCL", "cadence": "weekly", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "fred", "note": "Millions of US dollars, weekly as of Wednesday, not seasonally adjusted, from release H.4.1 Factors Affecting Reserve Balances. The copyright label was checked on the series page on 2026-10-02. The Money Clock extrapolates the latest year-on-year change (own calculation)." }, { "id": "src-fred-fed-funds", "publisher": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (FRED); original source Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (US)", "title": "Federal Funds Effective Rate", "url": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/FEDFUNDS", "dataset_code": "FEDFUNDS", "series": [ "fred-fedfunds-us-rate" ], "licence": "Public domain (FRED copyright label: \"Public Domain: Citation Requested\")", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (US), Federal Funds Effective Rate [FEDFUNDS], retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis; https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/FEDFUNDS", "cadence": "monthly", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "fred", "note": "Monthly effective rate from release H.15. FRED's legal terms (https://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/) set the copyright status per series." }, { "id": "src-fred-federal-interest", "publisher": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (FRED); original source U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis", "title": "Federal government current expenditures: Interest payments", "url": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/A091RC1Q027SBEA", "dataset_code": "A091RC1Q027SBEA", "series": [ "fred-a091rc-us-interest" ], "licence": "Public domain (FRED copyright label: \"Public Domain: Citation Requested\")", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Federal government current expenditures: Interest payments [A091RC1Q027SBEA], retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis; https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/A091RC1Q027SBEA", "cadence": "quarterly", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "fred", "note": "Billions of US dollars, quarterly, seasonally adjusted annual rate (NIPA account A091RC, release Gross Domestic Product). Federal government only; state and local government interest is not included, unlike the Eurostat general government figures. The copyright label was checked on the series page on 2026-10-02. The Money Clock divides the annual rate by the seconds of a year for the interest burden per second (own calculation)." }, { "id": "src-fred-m2", "publisher": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (FRED); original source Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (US)", "title": "M2 money stock, seasonally adjusted", "url": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/M2SL", "dataset_code": "M2SL", "series": [ "fred-m2sl-us-level" ], "licence": "Public domain (FRED copyright label: \"Public Domain: Citation Requested\")", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (US), M2 [M2SL], retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis; https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/M2SL", "cadence": "monthly", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "fred", "note": "Billions of US dollars, monthly, seasonally adjusted, from release H.6 Money Stock Measures. The copyright label was checked on the series page on 2026-09-29; FRED's legal terms (https://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/) set the status per series. Year-on-year growth is derived from the levels (own calculation)." }, { "id": "src-fred-us-cpi", "publisher": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (FRED); original source U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics", "title": "Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers, All Items in U.S. City Average", "url": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CPIAUCSL", "dataset_code": "CPIAUCSL", "series": [ "fred-cpiaucsl-us-index" ], "licence": "Public domain (FRED copyright label: \"Public Domain: Citation Requested\")", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items in U.S. City Average [CPIAUCSL], retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis; https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CPIAUCSL", "cadence": "monthly", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "fred", "note": "FRED's legal terms (https://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/) set the copyright status per series. Re-check the label on each new FRED series; only \"Public Domain\" and \"Copyrighted: Citation required\" series may be redistributed with attribution." }, { "id": "src-lbma-gold-price", "publisher": "ICE Benchmark Administration (LBMA Gold Price)", "title": "LBMA Gold Price", "url": "https://www.lbma.org.uk/prices-and-data/precious-metal-prices", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "daily", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "manual", "note": "Superseded for the gold price (ADR-090): the gold denominator and the gold charts read tvc-gold-usd-close from src-tradingview-market-data, the documented alternative of arch §23 #2. The LBMA Gold Price is a licensed benchmark whose terms for display and redistribution were never settled, so its sample series lbma-gold-usd-pm is retired. Kept as a reference for content that cites the benchmark." }, { "id": "src-legifrance-cash-payment-limit", "publisher": "Légifrance (Republic of France)", "title": "Code monétaire et financier, articles D112-3 and R112-5 (cash payment limits)", "url": "https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/id/LEGISCTA000019265478/", "licence": "Licence Ouverte / Open Licence 2.0 (etalab-2.0): \"Sauf mention contraire, tous les contenus de ce site sont sous licence etalab-2.0\" (https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/contenu/pied-de-page/licences-de-reutilisation).", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: Légifrance, Code monétaire et financier, article D112-3 (Licence Ouverte 2.0).", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "manual", "note": "Article D112-3 (version in force since 1 October 2018) sets the limit for cash payments under article L112-6 at 1,000 euros where the debtor has its tax domicile in France or acts for a professional activity, and at 10,000 or 15,000 euros for debtors who show a tax domicile abroad. The cash index records the 1,000 euro limit. LEGAL_REVIEW(cash-index): scope (payments to and between professionals) as worded on the page." }, { "id": "src-lt-bip39", "publisher": "Bitcoin Improvement Proposals (bitcoin/bips repository)", "title": "BIP-39: Mnemonic code for generating deterministic keys", "url": "https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0039.mediawiki", "licence": "MIT License (as stated in the document; retrieved from raw.githubusercontent.com).", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: BIP-39, bitcoin/bips repository (MIT License).", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "\"This BIP describes the implementation of a mnemonic code or mnemonic sentence -- a group of easy to remember words -- for the generation of deterministic wallets.\" The mnemonic is turned into a binary seed that \"can be later used to generate deterministic wallets\". Cited by the lost phone scenario (a wallet restored from its words on another device)." }, { "id": "src-lt-chainalysis-crypto-crime-2024", "publisher": "Chainalysis", "title": "Blog: 2024 Crypto Crime Trends (introduction to the 2024 Crypto Crime Report)", "url": "https://www.chainalysis.com/blog/2024-crypto-crime-report-introduction/", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client). The page shows \"© 2026, Chainalysis\".", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "A blockchain analytics company's estimate, not an official statistic. The share of all crypto transaction volume associated with illicit activity fell \"to 0.34% from 0.42% in 2022\"; illicit addresses received USD 24.2 billion in 2023. The figures are \"lower bound estimates based on inflows to the illicit addresses we've identified today\" and are expected to rise as more addresses are identified. Cited by the \"Bitcoin is only for criminals\" myth check." }, { "id": "src-lt-ec-cash-controls", "publisher": "European Commission, DG Taxation and Customs Union", "title": "EU cash controls", "url": "https://taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu/customs/prohibitions-restrictions/eu-cash-controls_en", "dataset_code": "Regulation (EU) 2018/1672 on controls on cash entering or leaving the Union", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client). The Commission legal notice (https://commission.europa.eu/legal-notice_en, retrieved 2026-10-02) licenses EU-owned content on that website under CC BY 4.0 unless otherwise indicated; whether it covers this page on taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu was not confirmed.", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Travellers entering or leaving the EU with EUR 10 000 or more in cash must declare it. Cash includes banknotes and coins, bearer negotiable instruments, gold coins with a gold content of at least 90% and gold bars, nuggets or clumps with a gold content of at least 99.5%. Undeclared cash may be detained. Legal basis: Regulation (EU) 2018/1672. Cited by the move abroad scenario and the gold myth check." }, { "id": "src-lt-ec-deposit-guarantee-schemes", "publisher": "European Commission, DG Financial Stability, Financial Services and Capital Markets Union", "title": "Deposit guarantee schemes", "url": "https://finance.ec.europa.eu/banking/banking-regulation/deposit-guarantee-schemes_en", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client). The Commission legal notice (https://commission.europa.eu/legal-notice_en, retrieved 2026-10-02) licenses EU-owned content on that website under CC BY 4.0 unless otherwise indicated; whether it covers this page on finance.ec.europa.eu was not confirmed.", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Page updated 17 July 2026. Deposit guarantee schemes \"protect depositors' savings by guaranteeing deposits of up to €100 000\"; the framework is Directive 2014/49/EU, revised in 2026. The page states no repayment deadline in working days, so the scenarios leave the payout time as a gap. Cited by the bank failure scenario and the stablecoin myth check." }, { "id": "src-lt-ecb-strategy-statement-2021", "publisher": "European Central Bank (ECB)", "title": "The ECB's monetary policy strategy statement (2021)", "url": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/home/search/review/html/ecb.strategyreview_monpol_strategy_statement.en.html", "licence": "ECB copyright; reuse free of charge under the ECB website's copyright terms: information must be reproduced accurately, the ECB cited as the source, and modifications disclosed (https://www.ecb.europa.eu/services/using-our-site/disclaimer/html/index.en.html).", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: European Central Bank (ECB).", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "\"The Governing Council considers that price stability is best maintained by aiming for two per cent inflation over the medium term. The Governing Council's commitment to this target is symmetric.\" An inflation buffer above zero \"provides monetary policy with space for interest rate cuts in the event of adverse developments and a safety margin against the risk of deflation\"; downward nominal wage rigidities and measurement bias also warrant a buffer. Cited by the 2 % inflation myth check." }, { "id": "src-lt-youreurope-bank-accounts", "publisher": "European Union, Your Europe", "title": "Bank accounts in the EU", "url": "https://europa.eu/youreurope/citizens/consumers/financial-products-and-services/bank-accounts-eu/index_en.htm", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client). The europa.eu legal notice was not retrieved.", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Last checked by the publisher 11 May 2026. Deposits are \"protected up to a limit of EUR 100 000 or the equivalent in local currency\", per person and per bank. A person legally resident in an EU country is entitled to open a \"basic payment account\", and banks \"cannot refuse your application for a basic payment account just because you don't live in the country where the bank is established\". Cited by the bank failure and move abroad scenarios." }, { "id": "src-lt-youreurope-payments", "publisher": "European Union, Your Europe", "title": "Payments, transfers and cheques", "url": "https://europa.eu/youreurope/citizens/consumers/financial-products-and-services/payments-transfers-cheques/index_en.htm", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client). The europa.eu legal notice was not retrieved.", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Last checked by the publisher 28 April 2026. Victims of card or payment fraud \"can only be asked to pay a maximum of €50 towards the cost of the fraudulent payments\", and nothing where they were unaware of the loss, theft or misappropriation. Cited by the lost phone scenario." }, { "id": "src-metamask-secret-recovery-phrase", "publisher": "MetaMask", "title": "How to secure your Secret Recovery Phrase and password", "url": "https://support.metamask.io/start/user-guide-secret-recovery-phrase-password-and-private-keys/", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "Source: MetaMask Support, \"How to secure your Secret Recovery Phrase and password\".", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "A wallet maker's statement that it never asks for the recovery phrase. Cited by explainer/seed-phrase as the maker's own statement; the published text names no wallet brand." }, { "id": "src-ms-ar-decree-2128-1991", "publisher": "Presidencia de la Nación (InfoLEG)", "title": "Decreto 2128/1991: Moneda de curso legal, cambio de denominación (10 October 1991)", "url": "https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/norma-7384/texto", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0: argentina.gob.ar licenses all its contents under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International unless stated otherwise (https://www.argentina.gob.ar/terminos-y-condiciones).", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: InfoLEG, Presidencia de la Nación (argentina.gob.ar), CC BY 4.0.", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Art. 1: from 1 January 1992 the banknotes and coins issued by the Banco Central de la República Argentina are legal tender under the name peso; art. 2: one peso equals 10,000 australes. Cited by apps/web/seeds/money-stories.json (money_story/ar)." }, { "id": "src-ms-ar-law-23928", "publisher": "Presidencia de la Nación (InfoLEG)", "title": "Ley 23.928: Convertibilidad del austral (27 March 1991)", "url": "https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/ley-23928-328/texto", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0: argentina.gob.ar licenses all its contents under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International unless stated otherwise (https://www.argentina.gob.ar/terminos-y-condiciones).", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: InfoLEG, Presidencia de la Nación (argentina.gob.ar), CC BY 4.0.", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Sanctioned 27 March 1991, published 28 March 1991. Art. 1: convertibility of the austral with the US dollar from 1 April 1991 at 10,000 australes per dollar. Cited by apps/web/seeds/money-stories.json (money_story/ar)." }, { "id": "src-ms-ar-law-25561", "publisher": "Presidencia de la Nación (InfoLEG)", "title": "Ley 25.561: Emergencia pública y reforma del régimen cambiario (6 January 2002)", "url": "https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/ley-25561-71477/texto", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0: argentina.gob.ar licenses all its contents under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International unless stated otherwise (https://www.argentina.gob.ar/terminos-y-condiciones).", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: InfoLEG, Presidencia de la Nación (argentina.gob.ar), CC BY 4.0.", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Sanctioned 6 January 2002, published 7 January 2002. Art. 3 repeals articles 1, 2, 8, 9, 12 and 13 of Ley 23.928 (the convertibility articles). Cited by apps/web/seeds/money-stories.json (money_story/ar)." }, { "id": "src-ms-at-oenb-history", "publisher": "Oesterreichische Nationalbank (OeNB)", "title": "Unternehmensgeschichte (corporate history)", "url": "https://www.oenb.at/die-oenb/geschichte-der-oenb/unternehmensgeschichte.html", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client). The OeNB legal notice licenses content marked © OeNB under CC BY 4.0 (https://www.oenb.at/serviceportal/impressum-und-haftung.html); whether this page carries that marking was not confirmed.", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Sentences used: the imperial patents of 1 June 1816 led to the founding of the privileged Austrian National Bank; the Oesterreichische Nationalbank began operating on 1 January 1923; the schilling replaced the crown currency (10,000 crowns to 1 schilling, no day given); from 21 December 1945 the schilling was again legal tender and sole unit of account, after the Reichsmark and the Allied military schilling; euro introduced as book money on 1 January 1999. Cited by apps/web/seeds/money-stories.json (money_story/at)." }, { "id": "src-ms-ch-snb-chronicle", "publisher": "Swiss National Bank", "title": "Chronicle of monetary events", "url": "https://www.snb.ch/en/the-snb/organisation/history/geld-und-waehrungspolitische-chronik", "licence": "Non-commercial reuse only: the SNB copyright notice allows information and data to be saved, translated (with reference to the source), transmitted or used in other ways for non-commercial purposes compatible with their purpose (https://www.snb.ch/en/srv/disclaimer_copyright). Commercial reuse: TODO(to be provided by the client).", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "Source: Swiss National Bank (SNB).", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Entries used: 20.06.1907 the SNB opens for business in Basel, Berne, Geneva, St Gallen and Zurich; 27.09.1936 Federal Council Decree on currency measures (devaluation of the Swiss franc by an average of 30%); 23.01.1973 the SNB ends its dollar purchases supporting the exchange rate (currency allowed to float); 01.05.2000 the Federal Act on Currency and Payment Instruments and the revised Coinage Ordinance enter into force. Cited by apps/web/seeds/money-stories.json (money_story/ch)." }, { "id": "src-ms-ch-snb-minimum-rate-2011", "publisher": "Swiss National Bank", "title": "Press release: Swiss National Bank sets minimum exchange rate at CHF 1.20 per euro (6 September 2011)", "url": "https://www.snb.ch/en/publications/communication/press-releases/2011/pre_20110906", "licence": "Non-commercial reuse only: the SNB copyright notice allows information and data to be saved, translated (with reference to the source), transmitted or used in other ways for non-commercial purposes compatible with their purpose (https://www.snb.ch/en/srv/disclaimer_copyright). Commercial reuse: TODO(to be provided by the client).", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "Source: Swiss National Bank (SNB).", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "The SNB set a minimum exchange rate of CHF 1.20 per euro on 6 September 2011. Cited by apps/web/seeds/money-stories.json (money_story/ch)." }, { "id": "src-ms-ch-snb-speech-2015-04-24", "publisher": "Swiss National Bank", "title": "Speech: SNB monetary policy after the discontinuation of the minimum exchange rate (24 April 2015)", "url": "https://www.snb.ch/en/publications/communication/speeches/2015/ref_20150424_tjn", "licence": "Non-commercial reuse only: the SNB copyright notice allows information and data to be saved, translated (with reference to the source), transmitted or used in other ways for non-commercial purposes compatible with their purpose (https://www.snb.ch/en/srv/disclaimer_copyright). Commercial reuse: TODO(to be provided by the client).", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "Source: Swiss National Bank (SNB).", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "States that on 15 January 2015 the SNB Governing Board decided to discontinue the minimum exchange rate of CHF 1.20 per euro and lowered the interest rate on sight deposit balances to -0.75%. The press release of 15 January 2015 (pre_20150115) showed only a PDF link and was not used. Cited by apps/web/seeds/money-stories.json (money_story/ch)." }, { "id": "src-ms-cy-ecb-euro-2008", "publisher": "European Central Bank", "title": "Press release: Cyprus and Malta join the euro area (1 January 2008)", "url": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/pr/date/2008/html/pr080101.en.html", "licence": "ECB copyright; reuse free of charge under the ECB website's copyright terms: information must be reproduced accurately, the ECB cited as the source, and modifications disclosed (https://www.ecb.europa.eu/services/using-our-site/disclaimer/html/index.en.html).", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: European Central Bank (ECB).", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "States that the euro was introduced in Cyprus and Malta on the day of the release (1 January 2008), bringing the number of EU Member States using the euro to 15. Cited by apps/web/seeds/money-stories.json (money_story/cy)." }, { "id": "src-ms-de-bundesbank-monetary-policy-dates", "publisher": "Deutsche Bundesbank", "title": "Dates of the German monetary policy (summary)", "url": "https://www.bundesbank.de/en/tasks/topics/dates-of-the-german-monetary-policy-summary--626902", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "Source: Deutsche Bundesbank", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Entries used: 20 June 1948 currency reform in West Germany, D-Mark replaces the Reichsmark; 26 July 1957 Bundesbank Act, Deutsche Bundesbank established; 12 March 1973 block floating against the dollar, Bretton Woods fixed exchange rates collapse; 1 July 1990 monetary, economic and social union, D-Mark adopted in eastern Germany; 1 January 1999 Stage Three of EMU, euro common currency of 11 countries; 1 January 2002 euro cash. Licence not certain: the Bundesbank conditions for the general use of the website allow saving, forwarding and reproducing for personal or professional use, unaltered and cited as \"Source: Deutsche Bundesbank\"; redistribution is to be confirmed. Cited by apps/web/seeds/money-stories.json (money_story/de)." }, { "id": "src-ms-ea-ecb-euro-introduction", "publisher": "European Central Bank", "title": "The euro: introduction, euro area members and fixed conversion rates", "url": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/euro/intro/html/index.en.html", "licence": "ECB copyright; reuse free of charge under the ECB website's copyright terms: information must be reproduced accurately, the ECB cited as the source, and modifications disclosed (https://www.ecb.europa.eu/services/using-our-site/disclaimer/html/index.en.html).", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: European Central Bank (ECB).", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "States that the euro was launched on 1 January 1999 and that euro cash was introduced on 1 January 2002, replacing the national banknotes and coins at fixed conversion rates (DEM 1.95583, ATS 13.7603, ESP 166.386, GRD 340.750, CYP 0.585274 per euro). The member table gives years only (Germany, Austria, Spain 1999; Greece 2001; Cyprus 2008). Shared by several money stories, hence the euro-area prefix. Cited by apps/web/seeds/money-stories.json (money_story/de, at, es, gr)." }, { "id": "src-ms-es-bde-peseta-history", "publisher": "Banco de España", "title": "History of peseta coins and notes", "url": "https://www.bde.es/wbe/en/areas-actuacion/billetes-monedas/historia-peseta/", "licence": "Copyright Banco de España. The website disclaimer allows distribution and reproduction if carried out faithfully, without altering the content, and with the Banco de España cited as the source (https://www.bde.es/wbe/en/pie/aviso-legal/). Other Banco de España pages name CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 for its texts; which applies here is TODO(to be provided by the client).", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "Source: Banco de España.", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Sentences used: the peseta was established as the basic unit of the Spanish monetary system by a Government Decree of 19 October 1868; the first peseta banknotes were printed on 1 July 1874, when the Banco de España was granted exclusive rights to print banknotes; euro banknotes and coins entered into circulation on 1 January 2002; they coexisted with the peseta until 28 February 2002, after which the euro was the sole legal tender; the deadline for exchanging pesetas for euro was 30 June 2021. Cited by apps/web/seeds/money-stories.json (money_story/es)." }, { "id": "src-ms-gr-ecb-euro-2001", "publisher": "European Central Bank", "title": "Press release: Greece now a member of European Economic and Monetary Union (2 January 2001)", "url": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/pr/date/2001/html/pr010102.en.html", "licence": "ECB copyright; reuse free of charge under the ECB website's copyright terms: information must be reproduced accurately, the ECB cited as the source, and modifications disclosed (https://www.ecb.europa.eu/services/using-our-site/disclaimer/html/index.en.html).", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: European Central Bank (ECB).", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "States that the euro was introduced in Greece on 1 January 2001, the twelfth EU Member State to adopt it. Cited by apps/web/seeds/money-stories.json (money_story/gr)." }, { "id": "src-ms-lb-imf-article-iv-2023", "publisher": "International Monetary Fund", "title": "Lebanon: 2023 Article IV Consultation (IMF Country Report No. 23/237, June 2023)", "url": "https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/cr/2023/english/1lbnea2023002.pdf", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Sentences used: Circular 158 (June 8, 2021) allows depositors who had FX accounts before October 31, 2019 to withdraw up to US$800 per month; Circular 161 (December 16, 2021) permits banks to sell US$ at the Sayrafa rate subject to monthly quotas; default on Eurobond debt service in March 2020 (no day given); official exchange rate kept at 1,507.5 LBP/US$ and moved to 15,000 LBP/US$ in February 2023 (no day given); staff-level agreement in April 2022 (no day given). The IMF press release PR22/108 returned HTTP 403. Cited by apps/web/seeds/money-stories.json (money_story/lb)." }, { "id": "src-ms-ng-cbn-1973-issue", "publisher": "Central Bank of Nigeria", "title": "1973 currency issue", "url": "https://www.cbn.gov.ng/currency/Oldnotes/1973.html", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client). No licence or reuse terms found.", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Sentences used: on 1st January 1973 Nigeria changed to decimal currency; the naira, equivalent to ten shillings, became the major unit, with the kobo as the minor unit. Cited by apps/web/seeds/money-stories.json (money_story/ng)." }, { "id": "src-ms-ng-cbn-currency-history", "publisher": "Central Bank of Nigeria", "title": "History of Nigerian currency", "url": "https://www.cbn.gov.ng/currency/historycur.html", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client). No licence or reuse terms found.", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Sentences used: on 1st July 1959 the CBN issued Nigerian currency banknotes while the WACB-issued banknotes and coins were withdrawn; on 28th February 2007 the N20 was issued in polymer substrate and other denominations reissued in new designs. Cited by apps/web/seeds/money-stories.json (money_story/ng)." }, { "id": "src-ms-tr-cbrt-banknotes", "publisher": "Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye (CBRT)", "title": "Banknotes of the Republic of Türkiye (emission groups)", "url": "https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/EN/TCMB+EN/Main+Menu/Banknotes/Banknotes+of+the+Republic+of+Turkiye", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client). The CBRT disclaimer requires prior written authorisation for commercial use of the published information.", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Sentences used: the first emission group banknotes were put into circulation on 5 December 1927; the Eighth Issue (E8) was printed under the decision to drop six zeros from the currency (Law No. 5083 of 28.01.2004) and put into circulation on 1 January 2005 in New Turkish lira; the Council of Ministers decision removing the prefix \"New\" from the currency name on 1 January 2009 was promulgated in the Official Gazette of 5 May 2007. Cited by apps/web/seeds/money-stories.json (money_story/tr)." }, { "id": "src-ms-tr-cbrt-history", "publisher": "Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye (CBRT)", "title": "Our history", "url": "https://tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/EN/TCMB+EN/Main+Menu/About+the+Bank/History/Our+History/", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client). The CBRT disclaimer requires prior written authorisation for commercial use of the published information.", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Sentences used: the founding law was enacted on 11 June 1930 and the CBRT started to function on 3 October 1931; the free floating exchange rate regime was adopted on 22 February 2001; significant amendments were made to the CBRT Law on 25 April 2001. Cited by apps/web/seeds/money-stories.json (money_story/tr)." }, { "id": "src-mtgox-btc-balance-2014", "publisher": "MtGox Co., Ltd.", "title": "Announcement regarding the balance of bitcoin held by the company (20 March 2014)", "url": "https://www.mtgox.com/img/pdf/20140320-btc-announce.pdf", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Approximately 200,000 BTC found in an old-format wallet on 7 March 2014; disappeared bitcoin re-estimated at approximately 650,000. Cited by incidents/inc-2014-jp-mt-gox.yaml." }, { "id": "src-mtgox-rehabilitation-application-2014", "publisher": "MtGox Co., Ltd.", "title": "Announcement regarding an application for commencement of a procedure of civil rehabilitation (28 February 2014, English translation)", "url": "https://www.mtgox.com/img/pdf/20140228-announcement_eng.pdf", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Application to the Tokyo District Court on 28 February 2014; approximately 750,000 bitcoins deposited by users and approximately 100,000 of its own had disappeared; a cash discrepancy of approximately JPY 2.8 billion; site closed at noon on 25 February 2014. Cited by incidents/inc-2014-jp-mt-gox.yaml." }, { "id": "src-mtgox-repayments-2024", "publisher": "MtGox Co., Ltd., Rehabilitation Trustee", "title": "Notice regarding Commencement of Repayments in Bitcoin and Bitcoin Cash (24 June 2024)", "url": "https://www.mtgox.com/img/pdf/20240624_announcement_en.pdf", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Repayments in bitcoin and bitcoin cash under the rehabilitation plan from the beginning of July 2024, through cryptocurrency exchanges. Cited by incidents/inc-2014-jp-mt-gox.yaml." }, { "id": "src-nakamoto-2008-bitcoin-whitepaper", "publisher": "Satoshi Nakamoto", "title": "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System", "url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "Source: Satoshi Nakamoto, \"Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System\".", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Fetch returned unreachable; no content hash and no excerpts. Sections 2 and 9 (MUST CITE) not yet sourced. Re-fetch needed before any claim cites this entry. Cited by explainer/wallet-holds-keys-not-coins." }, { "id": "src-normattiva-cash-payment-limit", "publisher": "Normattiva (Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato)", "title": "Decreto legislativo 21 novembre 2007, n. 231, articolo 49 (limits on the use of cash)", "url": "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.legislativo:2007-11-21;231~art49", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "Source: Normattiva, d.lgs. 231/2007, art. 49.", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "manual", "note": "Article 49 in the version in force from 1 January 2023, comma 3-bis: \"A decorrere dal 1° gennaio 2023, il predetto divieto di cui al comma 1 è riferito alla cifra di 5.000 euro\". The ban covers transfers of cash between different persons of 5,000 euros or more. The Normattiva legal notes could not be loaded on 2026-10-02, so the licence is open and the entry is not redistributable. LEGAL_REVIEW(cash-index)." }, { "id": "src-rbi-sbn-notification-2016", "publisher": "Reserve Bank of India", "title": "Notification: Withdrawal of the legal tender character of the existing and any older series banknotes in the denominations of ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 (9 November 2016)", "url": "https://rbi.org.in/commonman/English/Scripts/Notification.aspx?Id=1939", "licence": "© Reserve Bank of India. All Rights Reserved. The RBI disclaimer (https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/Disclaimer.aspx) asks for permission before hyper-linking to inner pages.", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Cites Gazette notification S.O. 3408(E) of 8 November 2016; legal tender character withdrawn with effect from the midnight of 8 November 2016. LEGAL_REVIEW(source-linking): the RBI disclaimer asks for permission before deep links. Cited by incidents/inc-2016-in-demonetisation.yaml." }, { "id": "src-rbi-sbn-withdrawal-2016", "publisher": "Reserve Bank of India", "title": "Press release: Withdrawal of Legal Tender Status for ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 Notes: RBI Notice (8 November 2016)", "url": "https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=38520", "licence": "© Reserve Bank of India. All Rights Reserved. The RBI disclaimer (https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/Disclaimer.aspx) asks for permission before hyper-linking to inner pages.", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Legal tender withdrawn by a Government of India notification of 8 November 2016; the notes could be credited to bank accounts or exchanged over the counter up to ₹ 4,000; withdrawals from accounts capped at ₹ 10,000 per day and ₹ 20,000 per week until 24 November 2016; ATM withdrawals ₹ 2,000 per card per day until 18 November; deadline 30 December 2016. LEGAL_REVIEW(source-linking): the RBI disclaimer asks for permission before deep links. Cited by incidents/inc-2016-in-demonetisation.yaml." }, { "id": "src-scb-ftx-digital-markets-2022", "publisher": "Securities Commission of The Bahamas", "title": "Media release: Securities Commission of The Bahamas Assumes Control of Assets of FTX Digital Markets Ltd. (17 November 2022)", "url": "https://www.scb.gov.bs/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Media-Release-SCB-Assumes-Control-of-Assets-of-FTX-Digital-Markets-Ltd.pdf", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "On 12 November 2022, under an order of the Supreme Court of The Bahamas, the Commission directed the transfer of all digital assets of FTX Digital Markets Ltd. to a wallet it controls; it does not understand FDM to be a party to the US chapter 11 proceedings. Cited by incidents/inc-2022-xx-ftx.yaml." }, { "id": "src-service-public-cash-payment", "publisher": "Service-Public.fr (Direction de l'information légale et administrative)", "title": "Paiement en espèces (cash payment), rights and obligations of consumers", "url": "https://www.service-public.gouv.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F10999", "licence": "Licence Ouverte / Open Licence 2.0 (etalab-2.0): \"Sauf mention contraire, tous les contenus de ce site sont sous licence etalab-2.0\" (terms of use, https://www.service-public.gouv.fr/P10050).", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: Service-Public.fr (Licence Ouverte 2.0).", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "manual", "note": "Page \"Vérifié le 26 juin 2026\". It states that a cash payment cannot in principle be refused (\"En principe, un paiement en espèces ne peut pas vous être refusé\"), lists the exceptions (damaged or doubtful notes, a large number of coins, no change available, foreign currency, reasons of public interest), and names a fine of 150 euros for a refusal. It cites the Code monétaire et financier, articles L112-6 to L112-8, D112-3 and R112-5. Recorded in the cash index as acceptance_obligation `required_with_exceptions`. LEGAL_REVIEW(cash-index)." }, { "id": "src-slips-slip-0039", "publisher": "SatoshiLabs (satoshilabs/slips repository)", "title": "SLIP-0039: Shamir's Secret-Sharing for Mnemonic Codes", "url": "https://github.com/satoshilabs/slips/blob/master/slip-0039.md", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "Source: SLIP-0039, satoshilabs/slips repository.", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Specification for splitting a recovery phrase into shares. Cited by explainer/seed-phrase. The retrieved text was cut off before any licence statement." }, { "id": "src-snb-monetary-aggregates", "publisher": "Swiss National Bank (SNB)", "title": "Monetary aggregates M1, M2 and M3, Switzerland", "url": "https://data.snb.ch/en/topics/snb/cube/snbmonagg", "dataset_code": "SNB data portal cube snbmonagg (D0 = B: level; D1 = GM1, GM2, GM3)", "series": [ "snb-monagg-ch-m1", "snb-monagg-ch-m2", "snb-monagg-ch-m3" ], "licence": "SNB copyright terms (https://www.snb.ch/en/srv/disclaimer_copyright): information and data may be saved, translated (with reference to the source), transmitted or used in other ways for non-commercial purposes compatible with their purpose. Commercial use is not granted there; whether the platform's use is non-commercial is TODO(to be provided by the client).", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "Source: Swiss National Bank (SNB).", "cadence": "monthly", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "manual", "note": "Levels in CHF millions (end of month). The data portal also has a CSV API (https://data.snb.ch/api/cube/snbmonagg/data/csv/en, semicolon-separated with a two-line preamble), which is not SDMX, so the series are reviewed CSV uploads until an adapter exists. Not redistributable (no CSV export or embed) until the non-commercial condition is cleared with the SNB. Year-on-year growth is derived from the levels (own calculation); the SNB also publishes it (D0 = VV)." }, { "id": "src-tradingview-market-data", "publisher": "TradingView", "title": "TradingView daily market data (crypto prices and market capitalisation, gold TVC:GOLD)", "url": "https://www.tradingview.com/", "dataset_code": "TVC:GOLD", "series": [ "tvc-gold-usd-close" ], "licence": "TradingView Terms of Use (https://www.tradingview.com/policies/). Not redistributable here: the data is shown on this site only. LEGAL_REVIEW(tradingview-terms): whether the terms cover display of data read through the unofficial chart websocket is to be reviewed before production use; the exact terms are TODO(to be provided by the client).", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "Data: TradingView", "cadence": "daily", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "tradingview", "note": "Daily candles read once a day (00:40 UTC) by the worker job data.fetch_tradingview through TradingView's chart websocket: one connection and one chart session at a time, symbols in sequence with a jittered pause of 4 to 10 seconds, the full daily history once per symbol, then incremental ranges (days since the last stored close plus 3), a circuit breaker and at most one follow-up run two hours later (ADR-090). Only completed daily bars are stored. Crypto closes go into market quotes (provider tradingview); CRYPTOCAP symbols give the market capitalisation and 24 h volume in USD. The gold series tvc-gold-usd-close is TVC:GOLD, TradingView's gold quote in USD per troy ounce: the documented alternative to the licensed LBMA Gold Price (arch §23 #2). It is not the LBMA benchmark: its daily close follows TradingView's trading session, not the LBMA PM auction, so the two can differ. Shown on the site only: never in API v1, CSV exports or embeds." }, { "id": "src-trezor-wallet-backup", "publisher": "Trezor", "title": "How to use a wallet backup", "url": "https://trezor.io/guides/backups-recovery/general-standards/how-to-use-a-wallet-backup", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "Source: Trezor Guides, \"How to use a wallet backup\".", "cadence": "on_change", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "A wallet maker's statement that it never asks for the wallet backup. Cited by explainer/seed-phrase as the maker's own statement; the published text names no wallet brand. BIP-39 itself is src-lt-bip39." }, { "id": "src-us-deb-ftx-digital-asset-estimation-2024", "publisher": "United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware", "title": "In re FTX Trading Ltd., et al., Case No. 22-11068 (JTD): Memorandum Opinion and Order regarding Estimation of Digital Asset Claims (26 June 2024)", "url": "https://www.deb.uscourts.gov/sites/deb/files/opinions//FTX%20Opinion%20and%20Order%20Digital%20Asset%20Estimation.pdf", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Background section: customers withdrew their assets in early November 2022; the debtors filed for relief under chapter 11 on 11 November 2022 (petition date); claims seek the value of the digital assets held by the debtors. Cited by incidents/inc-2022-xx-ftx.yaml." }, { "id": "src-us-treasury-tornado-cash-delisting-2025", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury", "title": "Press release sb0057: Tornado Cash Delisting (21 March 2025)", "url": "https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0057", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Tornado Cash removed from the sanctions list. Cited by incidents/inc-2022-xx-usdc-tornado-cash.yaml." }, { "id": "src-us-treasury-tornado-cash-sanctions-2022", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury", "title": "Press release jy0916: U.S. Treasury Sanctions Notorious Virtual Currency Mixer Tornado Cash (8 August 2022)", "url": "https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy0916", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "OFAC designation of Tornado Cash; its property and interests in property subject to U.S. jurisdiction are blocked. Cited by incidents/inc-2022-xx-usdc-tornado-cash.yaml." }, { "id": "src-usgs-gold-mine-production", "publisher": "U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), National Minerals Information Center", "title": "World gold mine production, annual", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/gold-statistics-and-information", "dataset_code": "Mineral Commodity Summaries, gold (\"World total (rounded)\" mine production); history from Data Series 140, gold (world production)", "series": [ "usgs-gold-world-mine-output" ], "licence": "Public domain: \"USGS-authored or produced data and information are considered to be in the U.S. Public Domain\" (https://www.usgs.gov/information-policies-and-instructions/copyrights-and-credits).", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries (gold).", "cadence": "annually", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "manual", "note": "Metric tons of gold content. Each Mineral Commodity Summaries edition (published each January or February) gives the world total for the two previous years, rounded; the latest year is an estimate and is revised in the next edition, which is stored as a new vintage. The long history comes from Data Series 140 (historical statistics, in kilograms, converted to metric tons on upload). Chosen over the World Gold Council, whose terms were not checked, because the USGS figures are public domain. MCS 2026: 3,280 t (2024) and an estimated 3,300 t (2025)." }, { "id": "src-worldbank-lebanon-economic-monitor-2019", "publisher": "World Bank", "title": "Lebanon Economic Monitor, Fall 2019: So When Gravity Beckons, the Poor Don't Fall", "url": "https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/349901579899850508/pdf/Lebanon-Economic-Monitor-So-When-Gravity-Beckons-the-Poor-Dont-Fall.pdf", "licence": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "redistributable": false, "attribution": "TODO(to be provided by the client)", "cadence": "one_off", "owner": "data-desk", "note": "Banks closed from 18 to 31 October 2019, reopened with informal capital controls, and closed again for 10 days from 9 November; banks set withdrawal ceilings of around USD 1,000 and LBP 2 million per week per account; severe limitations on transfers abroad. The licence of this report was not determined. Cited by incidents/inc-2019-lb-capital-controls.yaml." }, { "id": "src-worldbank-wdi-atm", "publisher": "World Bank", "title": "World Development Indicators: Automated teller machines (ATMs) (per 100,000 adults)", "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FB.ATM.TOTL.P5", "dataset_code": "FB.ATM.TOTL.P5", "series": [ "worldbank-wdi-atm-at", "worldbank-wdi-atm-ch", "worldbank-wdi-atm-de", "worldbank-wdi-atm-es", "worldbank-wdi-atm-fr", "worldbank-wdi-atm-gb", "worldbank-wdi-atm-it", "worldbank-wdi-atm-nl", "worldbank-wdi-atm-us" ], "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators (CC BY 4.0), based on the IMF Financial Access Survey.", "cadence": "annually", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "worldbank", "note": "The cash index's ATM density (concept §11). The indicator metadata (API v2, sources/2/series/FB.ATM.TOTL.P5/metadata) states License_Type \"CC BY-4.0\", the unit \"(number of ATMs)*100,000/adult population\" and the IMF Financial Access Survey as the original source; the World Bank's dataset terms (https://www.worldbank.org/ext/en/legal/terms-conditions/datasets) put third-party conditions in that metadata, and it states none (checked 2026-10-02). Annual values per economy; the latest years are often still empty (no value, never 0). The metadata notes that population ratios assume an even spread of machines, while ATMs concentrate in cities." }, { "id": "src-worldbank-wdi-inflation", "publisher": "World Bank", "title": "World Development Indicators: Inflation, consumer prices (annual %)", "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG", "dataset_code": "FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG", "series": [ "worldbank-wdi-cpi-ch-yoy", "worldbank-wdi-cpi-gb-yoy", "worldbank-wdi-cpi-jp-yoy", "worldbank-wdi-cpi-us-yoy", "worldbank-wdi-cpi-ea-yoy" ], "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "redistributable": true, "attribution": "Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators (CC BY 4.0).", "cadence": "annually", "owner": "data-desk", "adapter": "worldbank", "note": "CC BY 4.0 is the licence of the World Development Indicators database; changes, including translations, must be indicated. The indicator metadata (API v2, sources/2/series/FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG/ metadata) states License_Type \"CC BY-4.0\" and names the IMF International Financial Statistics as the original source; the World Bank's dataset terms (https://www.worldbank.org/ext/en/legal/terms-conditions/datasets) put third-party conditions in that metadata, and there are none for this indicator (checked 2026-09-29). Annual averages per economy (CH, GB, JP, US, and the euro area aggregate EMU); the long-run context next to the monthly inflation series." } ], "matrices": [ { "id": "money-in-everyday-life", "title": "Money in everyday life", "forms": [ { "id": "cash", "name": "Cash" }, { "id": "bank-deposits", "name": "Bank deposits" }, { "id": "retail-cbdc", "name": "Retail central bank digital currency (as specified)" }, { "id": "e-money-stablecoins", "name": "Stablecoins" }, { "id": "bitcoin-on-chain", "name": "Bitcoin on-chain" }, { "id": "bitcoin-lightning", "name": "Bitcoin on Lightning" }, { "id": "gold", "name": "Gold" } ], "rows": [ { "id": "cash", "form": "cash", "arrangement": "held-by-you", "name": "Cash", "charts": [] }, { "id": "bank-deposits", "form": "bank-deposits", "arrangement": "regulated-intermediary", "name": "Bank deposit", "charts": [] }, { "id": "retail-cbdc", "form": "retail-cbdc", "arrangement": "regulated-intermediary", "name": "Retail CBDC in an account (as specified)", "charts": [] }, { "id": "retail-cbdc-offline", "form": "retail-cbdc", "arrangement": "held-by-you", "name": "Retail CBDC offline on a device (as specified)", "charts": [] }, { "id": "stablecoin-own-key", "form": "e-money-stablecoins", "arrangement": "held-by-you", "name": "Stablecoin under your own key", "charts": [] }, { "id": "stablecoin-at-provider", "form": "e-money-stablecoins", "arrangement": "regulated-intermediary", "name": "Stablecoin at a licensed provider", "charts": [] }, { "id": "bitcoin-own-key", "form": "bitcoin-on-chain", "arrangement": "held-by-you", "name": "Bitcoin under your own key", "charts": [] }, { "id": "bitcoin-at-provider", "form": "bitcoin-on-chain", "arrangement": "regulated-intermediary", "name": "Bitcoin at a licensed provider", "charts": [] }, { "id": "lightning-own-wallet", "form": "bitcoin-lightning", "arrangement": "held-by-you", "name": "Bitcoin on Lightning, your own wallet", "charts": [] }, { "id": "lightning-custodial", "form": "bitcoin-lightning", "arrangement": "unregulated-custodian", "name": "Bitcoin on Lightning, custodial wallet", "charts": [] }, { "id": "gold-held", "form": "gold", "arrangement": "held-by-you", "name": "Gold you hold", "charts": [] }, { "id": "gold-in-vault", "form": "gold", "arrangement": "unregulated-custodian", "name": "Gold in a vault", "charts": [] } ], "properties": [ { "id": "who-can-freeze", "name": "Who can freeze a balance" }, { "id": "holding-limits", "name": "Holding limits" }, { "id": "offline-use", "name": "Offline use" }, { "id": "third-party-programmability", "name": "Programmability by third parties" }, { "id": "transaction-data-visibility", "name": "Who can see transaction data" }, { "id": "counterparty-risk", "name": "Counterparty risk" }, { "id": "access-without-account", "name": "Access without an account" }, { "id": "unit-and-nominal-stability", "name": "Unit and nominal stability" }, { "id": "supply-rule", "name": "Supply rule" }, { "id": "interest-and-payer", "name": "Interest and who pays it" } ], "row_variants": [ { "row": "retail-cbdc", "jurisdiction": "DE", "status": "present", "name": "Digital euro (as specified)", "statement": null, "sources": [ "src-cb-ecb-digital-euro" ], "as_of": null }, { "row": "retail-cbdc", "jurisdiction": "AT", "status": "present", "name": "Digital euro (as specified)", "statement": null, "sources": [ "src-cb-ecb-digital-euro" ], "as_of": null }, { "row": "retail-cbdc", "jurisdiction": "ES", "status": "present", "name": "Digital euro (as specified)", "statement": null, "sources": [ "src-cb-ecb-digital-euro" ], "as_of": null }, { "row": "retail-cbdc", "jurisdiction": "GB", "status": "to_verify", "name": "Digital pound (design phase)", "statement": "The Bank of England and HM Treasury are in a design phase; no decision to issue.", "sources": [ "src-cb-boe-digital-pound" ], "as_of": null }, { "row": "retail-cbdc", "jurisdiction": "US", "status": "to_verify", "name": null, "statement": "No retail CBDC: issuance by the Federal Reserve is barred (statute to be verified).", "sources": [ "src-cb-fed-cbdc-statement-2023" ], "as_of": null }, { "row": "retail-cbdc", "jurisdiction": "CH", "status": "to_verify", "name": null, "statement": "No retail CBDC: the Swiss National Bank works on wholesale settlement only (Project Helvetia).", "sources": [ "src-cb-snb-helvetia-2025" ], "as_of": null }, { "row": "retail-cbdc-offline", "jurisdiction": "DE", "status": "present", "name": "Digital euro offline (as specified)", "statement": null, "sources": [ "src-cb-ecb-digital-euro" ], "as_of": null }, { "row": "retail-cbdc-offline", "jurisdiction": "AT", "status": "present", "name": "Digital euro offline (as specified)", "statement": null, "sources": [ "src-cb-ecb-digital-euro" ], "as_of": null }, { "row": "retail-cbdc-offline", "jurisdiction": "ES", "status": "present", "name": "Digital euro offline (as specified)", "statement": null, "sources": [ "src-cb-ecb-digital-euro" ], "as_of": null }, { "row": "retail-cbdc-offline", "jurisdiction": "GB", "status": "to_verify", "name": "Digital pound (design phase)", "statement": "The Bank of England and HM Treasury are in a design phase; no decision to issue.", "sources": [ "src-cb-boe-digital-pound" ], "as_of": null }, { "row": "retail-cbdc-offline", "jurisdiction": "US", "status": "to_verify", "name": null, "statement": "No retail CBDC: issuance by the Federal Reserve is barred (statute to be verified).", "sources": [ "src-cb-fed-cbdc-statement-2023" ], "as_of": null }, { "row": "retail-cbdc-offline", "jurisdiction": "CH", "status": "to_verify", "name": null, "statement": "No retail CBDC: the Swiss National Bank works on wholesale settlement only (Project Helvetia).", "sources": [ "src-cb-snb-helvetia-2025" ], "as_of": null } ], "cells": [ { "row": "cash", "property": "who-can-freeze", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "bank-deposits", "property": "who-can-freeze", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "retail-cbdc", "property": "who-can-freeze", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "retail-cbdc-offline", "property": "who-can-freeze", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "stablecoin-own-key", "property": "who-can-freeze", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "stablecoin-at-provider", "property": "who-can-freeze", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "bitcoin-own-key", "property": "who-can-freeze", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "bitcoin-at-provider", "property": "who-can-freeze", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "lightning-own-wallet", "property": "who-can-freeze", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "lightning-custodial", "property": "who-can-freeze", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "gold-held", "property": "who-can-freeze", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "gold-in-vault", "property": "who-can-freeze", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "cash", "property": "holding-limits", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "bank-deposits", "property": "holding-limits", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "retail-cbdc", "property": "holding-limits", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "retail-cbdc-offline", "property": "holding-limits", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "stablecoin-own-key", "property": "holding-limits", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "stablecoin-at-provider", "property": "holding-limits", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "bitcoin-own-key", "property": "holding-limits", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "bitcoin-at-provider", "property": "holding-limits", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "lightning-own-wallet", "property": "holding-limits", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "lightning-custodial", "property": "holding-limits", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "gold-held", "property": "holding-limits", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "gold-in-vault", "property": "holding-limits", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "cash", "property": "offline-use", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "bank-deposits", "property": "offline-use", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "retail-cbdc", "property": "offline-use", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "retail-cbdc-offline", "property": "offline-use", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "stablecoin-own-key", "property": "offline-use", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "stablecoin-at-provider", "property": "offline-use", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "bitcoin-own-key", "property": "offline-use", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "bitcoin-at-provider", "property": "offline-use", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "lightning-own-wallet", "property": "offline-use", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "lightning-custodial", "property": "offline-use", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "gold-held", "property": "offline-use", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "gold-in-vault", "property": "offline-use", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "cash", "property": "third-party-programmability", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "bank-deposits", "property": "third-party-programmability", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "retail-cbdc", "property": "third-party-programmability", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "retail-cbdc-offline", "property": "third-party-programmability", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "stablecoin-own-key", "property": "third-party-programmability", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "stablecoin-at-provider", "property": "third-party-programmability", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "bitcoin-own-key", "property": "third-party-programmability", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "bitcoin-at-provider", "property": "third-party-programmability", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "lightning-own-wallet", "property": "third-party-programmability", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "lightning-custodial", "property": "third-party-programmability", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "gold-held", "property": "third-party-programmability", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "gold-in-vault", "property": "third-party-programmability", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "cash", "property": "transaction-data-visibility", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "bank-deposits", "property": "transaction-data-visibility", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "retail-cbdc", "property": "transaction-data-visibility", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "retail-cbdc-offline", "property": "transaction-data-visibility", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "stablecoin-own-key", "property": "transaction-data-visibility", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "stablecoin-at-provider", "property": "transaction-data-visibility", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "bitcoin-own-key", "property": "transaction-data-visibility", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "bitcoin-at-provider", "property": "transaction-data-visibility", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "lightning-own-wallet", "property": "transaction-data-visibility", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "lightning-custodial", "property": "transaction-data-visibility", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "gold-held", "property": "transaction-data-visibility", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "gold-in-vault", "property": "transaction-data-visibility", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "cash", "property": "counterparty-risk", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "bank-deposits", "property": "counterparty-risk", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "retail-cbdc", "property": "counterparty-risk", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "retail-cbdc-offline", "property": "counterparty-risk", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "stablecoin-own-key", "property": "counterparty-risk", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "stablecoin-at-provider", "property": "counterparty-risk", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "bitcoin-own-key", "property": "counterparty-risk", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "bitcoin-at-provider", "property": "counterparty-risk", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "lightning-own-wallet", "property": "counterparty-risk", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "lightning-custodial", "property": "counterparty-risk", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "gold-held", "property": "counterparty-risk", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "gold-in-vault", "property": "counterparty-risk", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "cash", "property": "access-without-account", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "bank-deposits", "property": "access-without-account", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "retail-cbdc", "property": "access-without-account", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "retail-cbdc-offline", "property": "access-without-account", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "stablecoin-own-key", "property": "access-without-account", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "stablecoin-at-provider", "property": "access-without-account", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "bitcoin-own-key", "property": "access-without-account", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "bitcoin-at-provider", "property": "access-without-account", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "lightning-own-wallet", "property": "access-without-account", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "lightning-custodial", "property": "access-without-account", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "gold-held", "property": "access-without-account", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "gold-in-vault", "property": "access-without-account", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "cash", "property": "unit-and-nominal-stability", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "bank-deposits", "property": "unit-and-nominal-stability", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "retail-cbdc", "property": "unit-and-nominal-stability", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "retail-cbdc-offline", "property": "unit-and-nominal-stability", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "stablecoin-own-key", "property": "unit-and-nominal-stability", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "stablecoin-at-provider", "property": "unit-and-nominal-stability", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "bitcoin-own-key", "property": "unit-and-nominal-stability", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "bitcoin-at-provider", "property": "unit-and-nominal-stability", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "lightning-own-wallet", "property": "unit-and-nominal-stability", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "lightning-custodial", "property": "unit-and-nominal-stability", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "gold-held", "property": "unit-and-nominal-stability", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "gold-in-vault", "property": "unit-and-nominal-stability", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "cash", "property": "supply-rule", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "bank-deposits", "property": "supply-rule", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "retail-cbdc", "property": "supply-rule", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "retail-cbdc-offline", "property": "supply-rule", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "stablecoin-own-key", "property": "supply-rule", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "stablecoin-at-provider", "property": "supply-rule", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "bitcoin-own-key", "property": "supply-rule", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "bitcoin-at-provider", "property": "supply-rule", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "lightning-own-wallet", "property": "supply-rule", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "lightning-custodial", "property": "supply-rule", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "gold-held", "property": "supply-rule", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "gold-in-vault", "property": "supply-rule", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "cash", "property": "interest-and-payer", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "bank-deposits", "property": "interest-and-payer", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "retail-cbdc", "property": "interest-and-payer", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "retail-cbdc-offline", "property": "interest-and-payer", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "stablecoin-own-key", "property": "interest-and-payer", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "stablecoin-at-provider", "property": "interest-and-payer", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "bitcoin-own-key", "property": "interest-and-payer", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "bitcoin-at-provider", "property": "interest-and-payer", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "lightning-own-wallet", "property": "interest-and-payer", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "lightning-custodial", "property": "interest-and-payer", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "gold-held", "property": "interest-and-payer", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null }, { "row": "gold-in-vault", "property": "interest-and-payer", "jurisdiction": "*", "value": null, "sources": [], "as_of": null } ] } ], "incidents": [ { "id": "inc-2001-ar-corralito", "title": "Argentina: weekly cash withdrawal limit, then conversion of dollar deposits into pesos", "date": "2001-12-01", "end_date": null, "jurisdictions": [ "AR" ], "kinds": [ "restriction" ], "summary": "Decree 1570/2001 of 1 December 2001 prohibited cash withdrawals above ARS 250 or USD 250 per week per account holder at each financial institution, and prohibited transfers abroad except for foreign trade, card spending abroad and certain debt payments authorised by the central bank. Taking more than USD 1,000 in foreign currency out of the country was allowed only through financial institutions. Deposits stayed in the accounts: transfers between accounts and institutions and payments by debit and credit card remained possible. Decree 214/2002 of 3 February 2002 converted foreign-currency deposits into pesos at ARS 1.40 per US dollar and foreign-currency debts to the financial system at ARS 1 per US dollar.", "affected": "Account holders at Argentine financial institutions, whose cash withdrawals and transfers abroad were limited, and holders of US dollar deposits, which were converted into pesos. Cash already held outside the banks was not subject to the withdrawal limit.", "money_affected": [ "bank-deposits" ], "money_not_affected": [ "cash" ], "sources": [ "src-ar-decree-1570-2001", "src-ar-decree-214-2002" ] }, { "id": "inc-2013-cy-bail-in", "title": "Cyprus: bail-in of uninsured deposits at two banks, and restrictions on transactions", "date": "2013-03-25", "end_date": "2015-04-05", "jurisdictions": [ "CY" ], "kinds": [ "loss", "restriction" ], "summary": "On 25 March 2013 the Eurogroup reached an agreement with the Cypriot authorities on an EU/IMF programme. Bank of Cyprus was recapitalised through a full bail-in of its shareholders and bondholders and the conversion of 47.5% of uninsured deposits (the part above EUR 100,000) into equity. Cyprus Popular Bank (Laiki) was resolved: its insured deposits moved to Bank of Cyprus, and its uninsured deposits stayed in a legacy unit, to be compensated from the liquidation of its assets. Deposits under EUR 100,000 were fully protected, and deposits of the central government and local authorities were exempt. Restrictive measures applied to cashing cheques, transfers abroad, domestic transfers above a set amount, cash withdrawals and exports, and opening accounts; payment card transactions and incoming payments from abroad were not restricted. The restrictive measures were abolished on 5 April 2015.", "affected": "Depositors of Bank of Cyprus and Laiki for the part of their deposits above EUR 100,000, and the shareholders and bondholders of both banks. Bank customers in Cyprus were subject to the restrictive measures until April 2015.", "money_affected": [ "bank-deposits" ], "money_not_affected": [], "sources": [ "src-ecb-cyprus-2013-03-25", "src-esm-cyprus-faq-2013", "src-cy-mof-pdmo-newsletter-2015-04" ] }, { "id": "inc-2014-jp-mt-gox", "title": "Mt. Gox: exchange closure and disappearance of bitcoin", "date": "2014-02-25", "end_date": null, "jurisdictions": [ "JP" ], "kinds": [ "freeze", "loss" ], "summary": "MtGox Co., Ltd., a bitcoin exchange in Tokyo, closed its site at noon on 25 February 2014 and applied for civil rehabilitation at the Tokyo District Court on 28 February 2014. It reported that approximately 750,000 bitcoins deposited by users and approximately 100,000 of its own had disappeared, and a cash discrepancy of approximately JPY 2.8 billion. On 7 March 2014 it found approximately 200,000 BTC in an old-format wallet, which reduced the estimate of disappeared bitcoin to approximately 650,000. The rehabilitation trustee began repayments in bitcoin and bitcoin cash from July 2024.", "affected": "Users with bitcoin or cash balances at the MtGox exchange. Bitcoin that users held in their own wallets, outside the exchange, was not held by MtGox.", "money_affected": [ "custodial-exchange-balances" ], "money_not_affected": [ "bitcoin-on-chain" ], "sources": [ "src-mtgox-rehabilitation-application-2014", "src-mtgox-btc-balance-2014", "src-mtgox-repayments-2024" ] }, { "id": "inc-2015-gr-capital-controls", "title": "Greece: bank holiday and capital controls", "date": "2015-06-29", "end_date": "2019-09-01", "jurisdictions": [ "GR" ], "kinds": [ "restriction" ], "summary": "After the ECB kept emergency liquidity assistance to Greek banks at its level of 26 June 2015, Greek banks were closed for three weeks, from 29 June to 20 July 2015. Cash withdrawals were limited to EUR 60 per bank card per day, and transfers to foreign banks needed prior approval from a government body. Domestic payments by debit and credit card had no limit, and withdrawals with cards issued outside Greece were not limited. From 20 July 2015, withdrawals of up to EUR 420 per week were allowed. The controls were relaxed over time and lifted completely as of 1 September 2019.", "affected": "Holders of accounts at banks in Greece, whose cash withdrawals and transfers abroad were limited. Cash already held outside the banks was not subject to the limits.", "money_affected": [ "bank-deposits" ], "money_not_affected": [ "cash" ], "sources": [ "src-ecb-greece-ela-2015-06-28", "src-europarl-greece-programme-2017", "src-ec-greece-enhanced-surveillance-2019-11" ] }, { "id": "inc-2016-in-demonetisation", "title": "India: ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 banknotes withdrawn as legal tender", "date": "2016-11-08", "end_date": "2016-12-30", "jurisdictions": [ "IN" ], "kinds": [ "abolition", "restriction" ], "summary": "A Government of India notification of 8 November 2016 withdrew the legal tender character of the existing ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 banknotes with effect from midnight. Holders could have their value credited to bank accounts, or exchange them over the counter up to ₹ 4,000 per person, until 30 December 2016. Until 24 November 2016, cash withdrawals from bank accounts were limited to ₹ 10,000 per day and ₹ 20,000 per week; ATM withdrawals were limited to ₹ 2,000 per card per day until 18 November and ₹ 4,000 afterwards. The notification concerned the ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 notes only; banknotes of other denominations remained legal tender.", "affected": "Holders of ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 banknotes, who had to deposit or exchange them by 30 December 2016, and bank customers, whose cash withdrawals were limited for several weeks. The value of the notes could be credited to a bank account in full.", "money_affected": [ "cash", "bank-deposits" ], "money_not_affected": [], "sources": [ "src-rbi-sbn-withdrawal-2016", "src-rbi-sbn-notification-2016" ] }, { "id": "inc-2019-lb-capital-controls", "title": "Lebanon: bank closures and informal capital controls", "date": "2019-10-18", "end_date": null, "jurisdictions": [ "LB" ], "kinds": [ "restriction" ], "summary": "Banks in Lebanon were closed from 18 to 31 October 2019 for retail and other transactions and reopened with informal capital controls; they closed again for 10 days from 9 November 2019. Banks set withdrawal ceilings of around USD 1,000 and LBP 2 million per week per account, with anecdotal evidence of lower ceilings on US dollars at many banks, and transfers of money out of the country were severely limited. The World Bank describes the controls as informal.", "affected": "Holders of bank accounts in Lebanon, in US dollars and in Lebanese pounds. Cash already held outside the banks was not subject to the ceilings.", "money_affected": [ "bank-deposits" ], "money_not_affected": [ "cash" ], "sources": [ "src-worldbank-lebanon-economic-monitor-2019" ] }, { "id": "inc-2022-ca-emergencies-act", "title": "Canada: account freezes under the Emergencies Act", "date": "2022-02-14", "end_date": "2022-02-23", "jurisdictions": [ "CA" ], "kinds": [ "freeze" ], "summary": "A public order emergency was declared throughout Canada on 14 February 2022. The Emergency Economic Measures Order, registered on 15 February 2022, required banks, credit unions, insurers, trust and loan companies, securities dealers, crowdfunding platforms and payment service providers to cease dealing in property of persons designated under it, including making funds or virtual currency available to them. Financial institutions froze at least 257 accounts, including bank and corporate accounts and credit cards, and 170 bitcoin wallet addresses were disclosed. The declaration was revoked on 23 February 2022.", "affected": "Persons designated under the order in connection with the convoy blockades, and the holders of the frozen accounts. The order applied to the listed financial institutions; cash held by the persons themselves was outside its scope.", "money_affected": [ "bank-deposits" ], "money_not_affected": [ "cash" ], "sources": [ "src-ca-emergency-economic-measures-order", "src-ca-emergency-revocation-2022", "src-ca-publicsafety-convoy-notes-2022" ] }, { "id": "inc-2022-xx-ftx", "title": "FTX: exchange insolvency and chapter 11 proceedings", "date": "2022-11-11", "end_date": null, "jurisdictions": [ "BS", "US" ], "kinds": [ "loss" ], "summary": "In early November 2022 customers of the FTX exchange withdrew their assets in large numbers. On 11 November 2022 FTX Trading Ltd. and affiliated companies filed for relief under chapter 11 in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware (case 22-11068), and customers filed claims for the value of the digital assets held by the debtors. On 12 November 2022 the Securities Commission of The Bahamas, under an order of the Supreme Court of The Bahamas, directed the transfer of all digital assets of FTX Digital Markets Ltd. to a wallet it controls. In December 2022 the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission alleged in a complaint that the conduct of the defendants caused the loss of over USD 8 billion in FTX customer deposits.", "affected": "Customers with balances on the FTX exchanges. Assets that customers held in their own wallets, outside the exchange, were not held by FTX.", "money_affected": [ "custodial-exchange-balances" ], "money_not_affected": [ "bitcoin-on-chain" ], "sources": [ "src-us-deb-ftx-digital-asset-estimation-2024", "src-scb-ftx-digital-markets-2022", "src-cftc-ftx-charges-2022" ] }, { "id": "inc-2022-xx-usdc-tornado-cash", "title": "USDC addresses blocked after the Tornado Cash sanctions", "date": "2022-08-08", "end_date": null, "jurisdictions": [], "kinds": [ "freeze" ], "summary": "On 8 August 2022 the U.S. Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control designated the virtual currency mixer Tornado Cash. The same day, Centre, the consortium behind the USDC stablecoin, blocked the related addresses, and Circle blocked them on its platform. The issuer's statement concerns USDC and names no frozen amount. Tornado Cash was removed from the sanctions list on 21 March 2025.", "affected": "Holders of USDC at the blocked addresses.", "money_affected": [ "e-money-stablecoins" ], "money_not_affected": [], "sources": [ "src-us-treasury-tornado-cash-sanctions-2022", "src-circle-tornado-cash-statement-2022", "src-us-treasury-tornado-cash-delisting-2025" ] } ], "institutions": [ { "id": "inst-bafin", "kind": "institution", "name": "Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin)", "jurisdiction": "DE", "tier": "local", "reason": "Supervises providers in Germany; the core uses what it measured, not the institution.", "status": "first_classification", "assigned_by": "curriculum-first-classification", "assigned_at": "2026-10-08", "dispute": null, "equivalents": { "GB": "inst-fca", "AT": "inst-fma-at", "CH": "inst-finma", "ES": "inst-cnmv" }, "sources": [] }, { "id": "inst-bcbs", "kind": "institution", "name": "Basel Committee on Banking Supervision", "jurisdiction": "INT", "tier": "global", "reason": "Its capital rules apply to banks worldwide.", "status": "first_classification", "assigned_by": "curriculum-first-classification", "assigned_at": "2026-10-08", "dispute": null, "equivalents": {}, "sources": [] }, { "id": "inst-bis", "kind": "institution", "name": "Bank for International Settlements", "jurisdiction": "INT", "tier": "global", "reason": "The central banks' bank: its standards and research shape rules worldwide.", "status": "first_classification", "assigned_by": "curriculum-first-classification", "assigned_at": "2026-10-08", "dispute": null, "equivalents": {}, "sources": [] }, { "id": "inst-bsi", "kind": "institution", "name": "Federal Office for Information Security (BSI)", "jurisdiction": "DE", "tier": "local", "reason": "The German cybersecurity agency; the core teaches the ranking of second factors.", "status": "first_classification", "assigned_by": "curriculum-first-classification", "assigned_at": "2026-10-08", "dispute": null, "equivalents": {}, "sources": [] }, { "id": "inst-bundesbank", "kind": "institution", "name": "Deutsche Bundesbank", "jurisdiction": "DE", "tier": "local", "reason": "Germany's central bank; it stays in the core only in German cases (1923, 1948, 2002).", "status": "first_classification", "assigned_by": "curriculum-first-classification", "assigned_at": "2026-10-08", "dispute": null, "equivalents": {}, "sources": [] }, { "id": "inst-cftc", "kind": "institution", "name": "US Commodity Futures Trading Commission", "jurisdiction": "US", "tier": "local", "reason": "Supervises US derivatives markets; cases only.", "status": "first_classification", "assigned_by": "curriculum-first-classification", "assigned_at": "2026-10-08", "dispute": null, "equivalents": {}, "sources": [] }, { "id": "inst-cnmv", "kind": "institution", "name": "Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores (CNMV)", "jurisdiction": "ES", "tier": "local", "reason": "Supervises markets and crypto advertising in Spain.", "status": "first_classification", "assigned_by": "curriculum-first-classification", "assigned_at": "2026-10-08", "dispute": null, "equivalents": { "GB": "inst-fca", "DE": "inst-bafin", "AT": "inst-fma-at", "CH": "inst-finma" }, "sources": [] }, { "id": "inst-destatis", "kind": "institution", "name": "Federal Statistical Office (Destatis)", "jurisdiction": "DE", "tier": "local", "reason": "The German statistics office.", "status": "first_classification", "assigned_by": "curriculum-first-classification", "assigned_at": "2026-10-08", "dispute": null, "equivalents": {}, "sources": [] }, { "id": "inst-ecb", "kind": "institution", "name": "European Central Bank", "jurisdiction": "EA", "tier": "global", "reason": "Its policy sets the euro area rates that markets everywhere price against.", "status": "first_classification", "assigned_by": "curriculum-first-classification", "assigned_at": "2026-10-08", "dispute": null, "equivalents": {}, "sources": [] }, { "id": "inst-edb", "kind": "institution", "name": "Compensation Scheme of German Private Banks (EdB)", "jurisdiction": "DE", "tier": "local", "reason": "A German statutory deposit protection scheme.", "status": "first_classification", "assigned_by": "curriculum-first-classification", "assigned_at": "2026-10-08", "dispute": null, "equivalents": { "US": "inst-fdic", "GB": "inst-fscs", "AT": "inst-esa-at", "CH": "inst-esisuisse", "ES": "inst-fgd-es" }, "sources": [] }, { "id": "inst-enisa", "kind": "institution", "name": "European Union Agency for Cybersecurity", "jurisdiction": "EU", "tier": "local", "reason": "An EU agency; the core teaches the mechanisms it describes.", "status": "first_classification", "assigned_by": "curriculum-first-classification", "assigned_at": "2026-10-08", "dispute": null, "equivalents": {}, "sources": [] }, { "id": "inst-esa-at", "kind": "institution", "name": "Einlagensicherung AUSTRIA", "jurisdiction": "AT", "tier": "local", "reason": "The Austrian deposit protection scheme.", "status": "first_classification", "assigned_by": "curriculum-first-classification", "assigned_at": "2026-10-08", "dispute": null, "equivalents": { "US": "inst-fdic", "GB": "inst-fscs", "DE": "inst-edb", "CH": "inst-esisuisse", "ES": "inst-fgd-es" }, "sources": [] }, { "id": "inst-esisuisse", "kind": "institution", "name": "esisuisse (Swiss deposit protection)", "jurisdiction": "CH", "tier": "local", "reason": "The Swiss deposit protection scheme.", "status": "first_classification", "assigned_by": "curriculum-first-classification", "assigned_at": "2026-10-08", "dispute": null, "equivalents": { "US": "inst-fdic", "GB": "inst-fscs", "DE": "inst-edb", "AT": "inst-esa-at", "ES": "inst-fgd-es" }, "sources": [] }, { "id": "inst-esma", "kind": "institution", "name": "European Securities and Markets Authority", "jurisdiction": "EU", "tier": "local", "reason": "Supervises EU markets and keeps the MiCA register; the core teaches registers in general.", "status": "first_classification", "assigned_by": "curriculum-first-classification", "assigned_at": "2026-10-08", "dispute": null, "equivalents": {}, "sources": [] }, { "id": "inst-estv", "kind": "institution", "name": "Swiss Federal Tax Administration (ESTV)", "jurisdiction": "CH", "tier": "local", "reason": "The Swiss federal tax authority.", "status": "first_classification", "assigned_by": "curriculum-first-classification", "assigned_at": "2026-10-08", "dispute": null, "equivalents": {}, "sources": [] }, { "id": "inst-fatf", "kind": "institution", "name": "Financial Action Task Force", "jurisdiction": "INT", "tier": "global", "reason": "Its recommendations, including the travel rule, are the global AML standard.", "status": "first_classification", "assigned_by": "curriculum-first-classification", "assigned_at": "2026-10-08", "dispute": null, "equivalents": {}, "sources": [] }, { "id": "inst-fbi-ic3", "kind": "institution", "name": "FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center", "jurisdiction": "US", "tier": "local", "reason": "US complaint statistics, used as a US case.", 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"inst-fgd-es" }, "sources": [] }, { "id": "inst-fed", "kind": "institution", "name": "Federal Reserve System", "jurisdiction": "US", "tier": "global", "reason": "Its rate decisions and balance sheet move every market.", "status": "first_classification", "assigned_by": "curriculum-first-classification", "assigned_at": "2026-10-08", "dispute": null, "equivalents": {}, "sources": [] }, { "id": "inst-fgd-es", "kind": "institution", "name": "Fondo de Garantía de Depósitos de Entidades de Crédito", "jurisdiction": "ES", "tier": "local", "reason": "The Spanish deposit guarantee fund.", "status": "first_classification", "assigned_by": "curriculum-first-classification", "assigned_at": "2026-10-08", "dispute": null, "equivalents": { "US": "inst-fdic", "GB": "inst-fscs", "DE": "inst-edb", "AT": "inst-esa-at", "CH": "inst-esisuisse" }, "sources": [] }, { "id": "inst-finma", "kind": "institution", "name": "Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA)", "jurisdiction": "CH", "tier": "local", 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"assigned_at": "2026-10-08", "dispute": null, "equivalents": {}, "sources": [] }, { "id": "inst-fscs", "kind": "institution", "name": "Financial Services Compensation Scheme", "jurisdiction": "GB", "tier": "local", "reason": "The UK deposit protection scheme.", "status": "first_classification", "assigned_by": "curriculum-first-classification", "assigned_at": "2026-10-08", "dispute": null, "equivalents": { "US": "inst-fdic", "DE": "inst-edb", "AT": "inst-esa-at", "CH": "inst-esisuisse", "ES": "inst-fgd-es" }, "sources": [] }, { "id": "inst-imf", "kind": "institution", "name": "International Monetary Fund", "jurisdiction": "INT", "tier": "global", "reason": "Its programmes and statistics cover nearly every country.", "status": "first_classification", "assigned_by": "curriculum-first-classification", "assigned_at": "2026-10-08", "dispute": null, "equivalents": {}, "sources": [] }, { "id": "inst-iosco", "kind": "institution", "name": "International Organization of Securities Commissions", 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"curriculum-first-classification", "assigned_at": "2026-10-08", "dispute": null, "equivalents": {}, "sources": [] }, { "id": "law-eu-tfr", "kind": "law", "name": "Transfer of Funds Regulation", "jurisdiction": "EU", "tier": "regional_reference", "reason": "The EU implementation of the travel rule, a model for others.", "status": "first_classification", "assigned_by": "curriculum-first-classification", "assigned_at": "2026-10-08", "dispute": null, "equivalents": {}, "sources": [] }, { "id": "law-us-cbdc-bar", "kind": "law", "name": "US bar on a Federal Reserve retail CBDC (to be verified)", "jurisdiction": "US", "tier": "regional_reference", "reason": "A national decision against a retail CBDC, used as a contrasting case.", "status": "first_classification", "assigned_by": "curriculum-first-classification", "assigned_at": "2026-10-08", "dispute": null, "equivalents": {}, "sources": [] }, { "id": "std-bitcoin-bips", "kind": "standard", "name": "Bitcoin Improvement Proposals", 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{}, "sources": [] } ], "market_symbols": [ { "id": "tv-crypto-adausd", "symbol": "CRYPTO:ADAUSD", "venue": "TradingView crypto composite (CRYPTO)", "kind": "asset_quote", "asset": "ada", "levels_symbol": "CRYPTOCAP:ADA", "series": null, "quote_currency": "USD", "close_timezone": "UTC", "adjustment": "none", "source": "src-tradingview-market-data", "courses": [], "added_at": "2026-10-03", "note": "The CRYPTOCAP symbol gives the market capitalisation (close) and the 24 h volume, both in USD." }, { "id": "tv-crypto-btcusd", "symbol": "CRYPTO:BTCUSD", "venue": "TradingView crypto composite (CRYPTO)", "kind": "asset_quote", "asset": "btc", "levels_symbol": "CRYPTOCAP:BTC", "series": null, "quote_currency": "USD", "close_timezone": "UTC", "adjustment": "none", "source": "src-tradingview-market-data", "courses": [], "added_at": "2026-10-03", "note": "The CRYPTOCAP symbol gives the market capitalisation (close) and the 24 h volume, both in USD." }, { "id": "tv-crypto-daiusd", "symbol": 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null, "series": null, "quote_currency": "CHF", "close_timezone": "UTC", "adjustment": "none", "source": "src-tradingview-market-data", "courses": [], "added_at": "2026-10-03", "note": "Kraken reports volume in coins, so the row carries no levels; the asset page converts the USD levels." }, { "id": "tv-kraken-etheur", "symbol": "KRAKEN:ETHEUR", "venue": "Kraken", "kind": "asset_quote", "asset": "eth", "levels_symbol": null, "series": null, "quote_currency": "EUR", "close_timezone": "UTC", "adjustment": "none", "source": "src-tradingview-market-data", "courses": [], "added_at": "2026-10-03", "note": "Kraken reports volume in coins, so the row carries no levels; the asset page converts the USD levels." }, { "id": "tv-kraken-soleur", "symbol": "KRAKEN:SOLEUR", "venue": "Kraken", "kind": "asset_quote", "asset": "sol", "levels_symbol": null, "series": null, "quote_currency": "EUR", "close_timezone": "UTC", "adjustment": "none", "source": "src-tradingview-market-data", "courses": [], "added_at": "2026-10-03", "note": "Kraken reports volume in coins, so the row carries no levels; the asset page converts the USD levels." }, { "id": "tv-kraken-usdcchf", "symbol": "KRAKEN:USDCCHF", "venue": "Kraken", "kind": "asset_quote", "asset": "usdc", "levels_symbol": null, "series": null, "quote_currency": "CHF", "close_timezone": "UTC", "adjustment": "none", "source": "src-tradingview-market-data", "courses": [], "added_at": "2026-10-03", "note": "Kraken reports volume in coins, so the row carries no levels; the asset page converts the USD levels." }, { "id": "tv-kraken-usdceur", "symbol": "KRAKEN:USDCEUR", "venue": "Kraken", "kind": "asset_quote", "asset": "usdc", "levels_symbol": null, "series": null, "quote_currency": "EUR", "close_timezone": "UTC", "adjustment": "none", "source": "src-tradingview-market-data", "courses": [], "added_at": "2026-10-03", "note": "Kraken reports volume in coins, so the row carries no levels; the asset page converts the USD levels." }, { "id": "tv-kraken-usdtchf", "symbol": "KRAKEN:USDTCHF", "venue": "Kraken", "kind": "asset_quote", "asset": "usdt", "levels_symbol": null, "series": null, "quote_currency": "CHF", "close_timezone": "UTC", "adjustment": "none", "source": "src-tradingview-market-data", "courses": [], "added_at": "2026-10-03", "note": "Kraken reports volume in coins, so the row carries no levels; the asset page converts the USD levels." }, { "id": "tv-kraken-usdteur", "symbol": "KRAKEN:USDTEUR", "venue": "Kraken", "kind": "asset_quote", "asset": "usdt", "levels_symbol": null, "series": null, "quote_currency": "EUR", "close_timezone": "UTC", "adjustment": "none", "source": "src-tradingview-market-data", "courses": [], "added_at": "2026-10-03", "note": "Kraken reports volume in coins, so the row carries no levels; the asset page converts the USD levels." }, { "id": "tv-kraken-xmreur", "symbol": "KRAKEN:XMREUR", "venue": "Kraken", "kind": "asset_quote", "asset": "xmr", "levels_symbol": null, "series": null, "quote_currency": "EUR", "close_timezone": "UTC", "adjustment": "none", "source": "src-tradingview-market-data", "courses": [], "added_at": "2026-10-03", "note": "Kraken reports volume in coins, so the row carries no levels; the asset page converts the USD levels." }, { "id": "tvc-gold", "symbol": "TVC:GOLD", "venue": "TradingView TVC gold quote (not the LBMA benchmark)", "kind": "series", "asset": null, "levels_symbol": null, "series": "tvc-gold-usd-close", "quote_currency": "USD", "close_timezone": "America/New_York", "adjustment": "none", "source": "src-tradingview-market-data", "courses": [], "added_at": "2026-10-03", "note": "The daily bar opens at 22:00 UTC the evening before; history from 1833, sparse early bars kept as served." } ], "committee": [ { "path": "committee/minutes/2026-10-14.md", "kind": "minutes", "date": "2026-10-14", "title": "Decision of the rating committee on 14 October 2026", "refs": [ "method-v1.1.0", "method-v1.2.0" ], "body": "Decision taken by the chair, `@kwizzn`, who is currently the committee's only member\n(`docs/governance.md`, status note). The four-eyes rule cannot be met with one member; it applies\nas a commitment until a second member joins.\n\n## Attendance\n\n`@kwizzn` (chair). Conflicts of interest declared on the matters below:\nTODO(to be provided by the client).\n\n## Decisions\n\n1. The committee approves method version 1.1.0 (`method/versions/1.1.0.yaml`), including the\n default weights of the `exchanges` and `on-ramps` catalogues that 1.1.0 left for confirmation.\n Counsel's review (`LEGAL_REVIEW(method-v1)`, `LEGAL_REVIEW(method-v1.1)`) remains open.\n2. Version 1.1.0 is superseded by 1.2.0 before the first release and is therefore never tagged\n (a `method-v` tag must name the highest version in `method/versions/`).\n3. The draft of version 1.2.0 (scoring anchors and a computed criterion score for\n `hardware-wallets`, `method/CHANGELOG.md`) is submitted to the committee.\n4. After the calibration pilot on five hardware wallets (platform repository,\n `business/strategy/2026-10-14_WhatTheChain-Hardware-Calibration-Pilot_EN.md`), the committee\n approves method version 1.2.0 with the anchors as revised in the pilot. Counsel's review\n (`LEGAL_REVIEW(method-v1.2)`) remains open.\n5. The committee notes, without deciding them now, three observations of the pilot report (§4.3):\n the low absolute level of the security scores; that `ranked_with_gap` ranks a product with a\n small share of its weight rated; and that a criterion can rest on one sub-criterion at its\n minimum rated weight. They are to be decided before the first ratings release.\n6. On the pilot observations of decision 5, the committee decides:\n - **Security level (observation 1):** the absolute scale stays. The rating pages explain it with\n the frontier (\"score / best in the release\") and a sentence on the evidence behind the level.\n The committee looks at the distribution again once all 25 Tier-1 hardware wallets are assessed.\n - **Ranking with gaps (observation 2):** a product is ranked only when its rated criteria carry\n at least 80 of 100 weight under the weighting in use; below that it is listed as not fully\n rated. This needs a new method version (1.3.0) and a change of the scoring core.\n - **A criterion on one sub-criterion (observation 3):** the rule stays. Such a criterion keeps\n its confidence below high, the rating pages mark it as partly rated, and the research closes\n the missing sub-criterion.\n7. The release signing key was generated on 2026-10-14 by the chair (key id `356272D8EAB9D7BC`).\n The key ceremony of `docs/releasing.md` asks for two committee members; with one member the chair\n did it alone, and the second member confirms the key when they join. The public key is added as\n `keys/minisign.pub`, valid from 2026-10-14; the secret key and its passphrase are held offline and\n in the `release` environment of this repository.", "sha256": "sha256:e6d8070095e4988cc14f1386448b4d448d03b79674205440b2c245957ac882a7" } ] }, "checksums": { "categories/exchanges.yaml": "sha256:42a25ed032890179ffef550c842c9b15b5283228d6e09c4961200c2f2545125c", "categories/hardware-wallets.yaml": "sha256:c0d14f928ae3e538a7c5374f6cad26c1cebdb34a851b809d0c5bb11c23f18bc8", "categories/mobile-wallets.yaml": "sha256:17b1fa4460e5acae1af330a51a6900d987102e6dff51d9936f9cf6898ad4f509", "categories/on-ramps.yaml": "sha256:556e2b440d1609cf2d5f7a8f36c0f5fccd3bdbf3a220c91059c7dbb59ecec923", "committee/minutes/2026-10-14.md": "sha256:e6d8070095e4988cc14f1386448b4d448d03b79674205440b2c245957ac882a7", "glossary/terms/aml.yaml": "sha256:2b7b79f4671e899cc23b32ff25f61e0d4b6414b0bdf9350407ab4bd8bc7fbe13", "glossary/terms/asset-referenced-token.yaml": 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